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A level Sociology > Family and Households > Flashcards

Family and Households Flashcards

1
Q

Bott - domestic division of labour

A

segregated conjugal roles - couples spend time separately

joint conjugal roles - couples share domestic tasks and leisure time

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2
Q

Parsons - domestic division of labour

A

Men and women have biologically suited roles that are functionals for society

Women = expressive roles - homemaker

Men = instrumental roles - breadwinner

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3
Q

Willmott and young - domestic division of labour

A

There are now more symmetrical families as a result of increased joint conjugal roles

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4
Q

Couples - March of progress view

A

Couples have an equal share of housework and childcare

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5
Q

Couples - Dual Burden - feminist

A

Women now do paid work and domestic work

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6
Q

Triple shift - Duncombe and Marsden

A

Women not only carry the dual burden of paid and domestic work but also have to do the emotional work

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7
Q

Decision making - material explanation

A

Men have more power in decision making because they earn more

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8
Q

Decision making - cultural explanation

A

Gender role socialisation instils the view that men are the primary decision makers

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9
Q

Domestic abuse - Dobash and Dobash

A

Marriage and the nuclear family is the key institution of patriarchy and the main source of women’s oppression. Domestic violence is inevitable because it serves to preserve the power men have over women

study found that violent incidents could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority

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10
Q

Domestic abuse - Ansley

A

Domestic violence is the product of capitalism - male workers are exploited at work and take their frustration out on their wives

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11
Q

Domestic abuse - Wilkinson

A

Domestic violence is the result of stress on the family caused by social inequality - explains why DV is more common is W class fam

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12
Q

Childhood - Aries

A

In the middle ages - childhood didnt exist. Children had same responsibilities as adults and were considered ECONOMIC ASSESTS.

As modern notion began to emerge, profound distinction between children and adults through clothes, laws, responsibilities

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13
Q

Childhood - Postman

A

In modern society - childhood is “disappearing” - printed word hierarchy no longer exists so children are learning about adult behaviour

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14
Q

Childhood - Shorter

A

In the middle ages the high death rate of children encouraged neglect against children

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15
Q

Childhood - March of Progress view

A

Childhood improved significantly - children now perceived as vulnerable and need taking care of. Introduction of laws such as banning child labour have improved experience of childhood

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16
Q

Toxic childhood - Palmer

A

Rapid technological and cultural changes have damaged children’s physical, emotional and intellectual development - result of intensive marketing to children, parents long working hours and testing in education

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17
Q

Age patriarchy - Gittens

A

Adult control and domination keeps children in a state of dependency and prevent them from being independent

control through clothes, space, time, money, violence

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18
Q

ORGANIC ANALOGY - functionalists

A

Society is made up of interdependent parts which work together to maintain the social system as a whole.

The family is one of these parts

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19
Q

Murdock functions of family - functionalist

A
  1. Socialisation of the young
  2. Satisfaction of the members economic needs
  3. Reproduction of the next generation
  4. Stable satisfaction of the sex drive
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20
Q

PARSONS FUNCTIONAL FIT - functionalist

A

Functions that the family perform depend on the type of society in which they are found

Pre industrial = extended family - function of production and consumption

Modern society = nuclear family - function of social and geographical movement

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21
Q

PARSONS IRREDUCIBLE FUNCTIONS - functionalist

A
  1. Primary socialisation of the young - equipping next generation with basic skills and society’s values
  2. Stabilisation of adult personalities - enabling adults to relax so they can return to the workplace and perform their roles effectively
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22
Q

ENGELS THEORY OF FAMILY - marxist

A

The family exists so men can pass their private property onto their biological offspring - notably a son

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23
Q

ZARETZKY THEORY OF FAMILY - marxist

A

There is an ideological function of the family called the “cult of private life” - belief that we can only gain fulfilment from family life which distracts attention from exploitation

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24
Q

POULANTZAS THEORY OF FAMILY - marxist

A

Nuclear families are brainwashed into thinking capitalism is fair which teaches lower generations how to conform and co-operate with the capitalist system

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25
Q

LIBERAL FEMINIST - theory of family

A

Take a march of progress view in suggesting gender inequality is gradually being overcome through reform and policy change which changes peoples attitudes towards socialisation and challenges stereotypes

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26
Q

MARXIST FEMINISTS - theory of families

A

Capitalism is the main form of womens oppression on the family - performs several functions for capitalism

  1. Reproducing the labour force
  2. Absorbing mens anger
  3. Reserve army of cheap labour
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27
Q

RADICAL FEMINISTS - theory of families

A

Family and marriage are the key institutions in a patriarchal society meaning that men benefit from the women’s unpaid domestic labour and sexual services as well as dominate them through violence or the threat of it

to overcome this - seperatism

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28
Q

DIFFERENCE FEMINISTS - theory of families

A

Not all women share the same experience of oppression - class, age and ethnicity can effect differently

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29
Q

NEW RIGHT - theory of families

A

Biologically based division of labour

Families should be self reliant - reliancy on state welfare leads to a dependency culture and undermines traditional gender roles. Produces a family breakdown and increase in lone parent families which results in social problems due to poor socialisation

30
Q

SMART - personal life perspective on families

A

Interactionists believe that structural approaches assume that the traditional nuclear family is the dominant type of family - ignores increased diversity of families today

31
Q

Birth rate definition and trends

A

number of live births per year per 1000

long term decline however 3 baby booms after each world war and in 1960’s

32
Q

Reasons for decline in birth rate

A
  1. Changes in the positions of women - women in paid work, change in how they are viewed in family, wider access to abortion and contraception
  2. Fall in infant mortality rate - improved housing, sanitation, nutrition, hygiene, health
  3. Children are now economic liabilities - laws banning child labour and compulsory schooling mean children remain economically dependent for longer
  4. Child centredness - childhood is now socially constructed - fewer children but lavish more attention and resources on them
33
Q

Impact of declining birth rate

A

Dependency ratio decreases - relationship between size of working population and non working

better public services

ageing population

34
Q

Death rate definitions and trends

A

the number of deaths per 1000 per year

declining rate with fluctuation around world wards and 1918 flu epidemic

35
Q

Reasons for decline in death rate

A
  1. Improved nutrition
  2. Medical improvements - medicine, vaccinations
  3. Public health improvements - clean water and air
  4. Social change - decline in manual labour
36
Q

Reasons for an ageing population

A
  1. Increased life expectancy
  2. Low infant mortality rate
  3. Declining fertility
37
Q

Impact of an ageing population

A
  1. Increased strain on public services
  2. More one person households
  3. Rising dependency ratio
  4. Ageism
38
Q

PHILLIPSON (marxist) - AGEING POPULATION

A

the old are of no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive and are an economically dependent group

39
Q

HUNT (postmodernist) - AGEING POPULATION

A

age no longer determines who we are - elderly become a market for body maintenance and rejuvenation goods and services like cosmetic surgery and anti ageing products - GREY POUND

40
Q

Difference between immigration and emigration

A

Immigration = movement into a society

Emigration = movement out of a society

41
Q

Reasons for migration

A

Push factors - unemployment and economic recession

Pull factors - higher wages and better opportunities

42
Q

Reasons for changing family patterns

A
  1. Increasing divorce rates
  2. Decreasing marriage rates
  3. Changing partnerships
  4. Childbearing and childrearing
43
Q

Reasons for increasing divorce rates

A
  1. Legal changes - divorce = easier to access, widening grounds
  2. Less stigma
  3. Higher expectations of marriage - FLETCHER says this leads to dissatisfaction
  4. Womens financial independence - less economically dependent on a man and can afford divorce
  5. Secularisation - decline in religious influence on society
  6. Feminism
  7. Modernity and individualisation
44
Q

Reasons for decreasing marriage rates

A
  1. Changing attitudes
  2. Alternatives to marriage less stigmatised
  3. Womens economic independence
  4. Impact of feminism
  5. Rising divorce rates
45
Q

PARSONS (FUNCTIONALIST) - family diversity

A

family diversity has increase - shift away from traditional nuclear family. More common for other family types to exist.

BELIEVE nuclear family is the only family type functional for society - performs 2 irreducible functions

46
Q

THE NEW RIGHT - family diversity

A

nuclear family is the only natural family type - others (cohabiting, gay, lone) produce social problems

welfare benefits have encourages deviant family types

47
Q

RAPOPORTS - family diversity

A

believe moved away from nuclear family into a range of different family types.

See diversity as a POSITIVE RESPONSE to peoples needs and wishes. 5 types of diversity

  1. Organisational diversity
  2. Cultural diversity
  3. Social class diversity
  4. Life stage diversity
  5. Generational diversity
48
Q

CHESTER - family diversity

A

Has been some increase in diversity but nuclear family still remains dominant. Been an important change from the CONVENTIONAL family (segregated conjugal roles) to the NEO-CONVENTIONAL family - adopts a symmetrical family structure

people either part of nuclear fam or will be at some point

49
Q

GIDDENS (POSTMODERNISM) - family diversity

A

believes that society has become disembedded from traditional family structures - held together by external forces leaving us free to choose how we live our lives - led to “PURE RELATIONSHIP” - one that exists solely to satisfy each partners needs - now people are free to define themselves - women have greater independence and contraception

50
Q

BECK (POSTMODERNISM) - family diversity

A

states that equality and individualism have created the “NEGOTIATED FAMILY” which varied according to the members wants - dont conform to traditional norms - equal BUT LESS STABLE - “zombie family”

51
Q

PERSONAL LIFE PERSPECTIVE - family diversity

A

SMART believe that we are not disembedded individuals but we make decisions about relationships - “CONNECTED THESIS”

52
Q

FLETCHER (FUNCTIONALIST) - social policy

A

states that the introduction of health, education and housing policies in the years since the industrial revolution have gradually led to the development of the welfare state - supports family in performing functions more effectively.

53
Q

DONZELOT - social policy

A

theorised “the policing of families” - social workers and doctors use their knowledge to control families. Surveillance is not targeted equally on all social classes - poor families seen as problems. Rejects functionalist view - thinks social policy is form of state control over family

54
Q

MURRAY (NEW RIGHT) - social policy

A

state is providing overly generous welfare benefits - because these policies offer “PERVERSE INCENTIVES” - state rewards people for irresponsible or antisocial behaviour

55
Q

LEONARD (FEMINISM) - social policy

A

argues that even where policies seem to support women, they still reinforce the patriarchal family and act as a form of social control over women eg maternity leave longer than paternity suggest women take care of child

56
Q

DREW - gender regimes

A
  1. Familistic = policies that are based on the traditional gender divisions between males and females
  2. Individualistic = policies are based on the belief that husbands and wives should be treated the same - each partner has a separate entitlement to state benefits
57
Q

What do Allan and Crow argue about marriage

A

less embedded within the economic system so people more likely to divorce than before

58
Q

What do Cooke and Gash say about divorce

A

no evidence that working women are more likely to divorce - because working has now become accepted norm for married women

59
Q

Beck and Giddens - increasing divorce

A

in modern society, traditional norms lose hold over individuals - relationships more fragile

GIDDENS - “pure relationship” - exists solely to satisfy each partners needs - personal fulfillment

60
Q

Feminist view on high divorce rates

A

desirable because it shows women are breaking free from oppression of patriarchal nuclear family

60
Q

New Right view on high divorce rates

A

undesriable - undermines marriage and traditional nuclear family which is vital to social stability

61
Q

Postmodernist view on divorce

A

individuals now have freedom to choose to end a relationship when it no longer meets their needs - cause for diversity

62
Q

Functionalist view on divorce

A

not a threat to marriage as a social institution because high rate of remarriage

63
Q

What policies have helped same sex couples and how

A

2004 Civil Partnership Act - gave same sex couples similar legal rights to married couples

2014 - same sex marriage legalised

64
Q

Ethnic differences in family patterns

A

Black Caribbean and Black African people have higher proportion of lone parent households - especially female headed

Mirza = not because if disorganisation because black women value independence

Asian families culture values elders so extended families common

65
Q

Benson (NEW RIGHT) - marriage

A

couples are more stable when married bc requires deliberate commitment - rate of divorce lower than rate of breakups

66
Q

Conservative gov policies (2)

A

Section 28 - banned promotion of homosexuality by local authorities

Child support agency - enforce maintenance payments by absent parents

67
Q

New Labour policies

A

Longer maternity leave

Working families tax credit - tax relief on childcare costs

New deal - help lone parents return to work

68
Q

Cheal - DV official stats

A

official stat understate true extent of DV because

  1. victims dont report
  2. police reluctant to follow up on reports

Cheal = state agencies not prepared to involve themselves in family life

69
Q

Childhood - Jenks

A

disagrees w postman - not disappearing, just undergoing change as society moves from modernity to postmodernity

A level Sociology (9 decks)

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