Education - Class differences in achievement (internal factors) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean to label someone?

A

attach a meaning or definition to them - teachers often attach labels regardless of pupils actual ability or attitude

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2
Q

Becker (1971)

A

interviews with 60 high school teachers showed they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted the image of an “ideal pupil” - passive and obedient (middle class were closest)

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3
Q

Dunne and Gazeley

A

schools persistently produce working class underachievement because of the labels and assumptions of teachers - teachers normalised underachievement of working class pupils

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4
Q

RISTS (1970)

A

study of american kindergarten - teacher used information about childrens home background and appearance to place them in seperate groups

fast learners = “tigers” - middle class, neat appearance - showed them encouragement
“cardinals” and “clowns” - given lower level books to read and fewer chances to show ability

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5
Q

What is meant by self fulfilling prophecy?

A

prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it having been made
Interactionists argue that labelling can affect pupils achievement by creating self fulfilling prophecy

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6
Q

Rosenthal and Jacobsen (1968)

A

Told school had a new test to identify those who would “spurt ahead” and picked 20% of students. A year later 47% of those kids had made significant progress

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7
Q

What is meant by streaming?

A

separating children into different ability groups or classes called “streams” - Becker’s study shows that working class children are likely to be judged and put in lower streams

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8
Q

Douglas - streaming

A

found that children placed in a lower stream at age 8 had suffered a decline in their IQ score by age 11

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9
Q

Gillborn and Youdell streaming study

A

teachers use stereotypical notions of ability to stream pupils - less likely to see working class and black pupils as having ability. Denies them opportunity to gain good grades and widens class gap in achievement

League tables create “A - C economy” - schools focus time, effort and resources on pupils they think have potential

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10
Q

Educational triage (gillborn and youdell)

A

schools categorise pupils into three types
1. those who will pass anyways - left alone
2. those with potential - helped
3. hopeless cases doomed to fail

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11
Q

What is meant by pupil subculture?

A

group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns

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12
Q

Lacey’s concepts (1970)

A
  1. Differentiation - process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability, attitude and behaviour. Streaming is form of differentiation
  2. Polarisation - process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite poles - pro school and anti school subculture

anti school subculture to gain social status because they cant gain educational status

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13
Q

Ball (1981)

A

found that when schools abolished banding - the basis for pupils to polarise into subcultures was largely removed and the influence of the anti school subculture declined

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14
Q

Woods (1979) - pupil responses

A
  1. Ingratiation - being the teachers pet
  2. Ritualism - going through the motions and staying out of trouble
  3. Retreatism - daydreaming and mucking about
  4. Rebellion - outright rejection of everything the school stands for
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15
Q

Furlong (1984)

A

many pupils are not committed permanently to any one response but may move between different types of response acting differently in lessons with different teachers

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16
Q

Fullers study (1984)

A

black girls in a comprehensive school who were labelled as low achievers channelled that negativity and in response studied hard to prove the teachers and school wrong

17
Q

What do Marxists argue about labelling?

A

labels are not merely the result of teachers individual prejudices but stem from the fact that teachers work in a system that reproduces class divisions

18
Q

What is meant by habitus?

A

refers to the learned/take for granted ways of thinking, being and acting that are shared by a particular social class

19
Q

What is meant by symbolic violence? (bordieu)

A

school devalues working class habitus so that working class pupils are deemed to worthless - withholding of symbolic capital

20
Q

Archer

A

working class pupils felt that to be educationally successful they would have to change how they talked and presented themselves

21
Q

What is Nike identities?

A

to overcome symbolic violence, working class students gain self worth through style - conform to these styles to get social status

22
Q

Ingram (2009)

A

having a working class identity was inseparable from belonging to a working class locality. Working class communities place great emphasis on conformity

23
Q

Evans (2009)

A

studied working class girls -found they were reluctant to apply to elite universities like Oxbridge due to fear of not fitting in

24
Q
A