Education - Class differences in achievement (external factors) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is meant by external factors?

A

factors outside the education system such as the influence of home and family background and wider society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Results from Centre for longitudinal studies (2007)

A

by the age of 3, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to one year behind those from more privileged homes and the gap widens with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cultural deprivation?

A

working class families lack the cultural equipment (language, self discipline, reasoning skills), needed to do well at school and therefore underachieve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three main aspects of cultural deprivation?

A
  1. Language
  2. Parents education
  3. Working class subculture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Hubbs - Tait (2002) find?

A

where parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities, cognitive performance improves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did Bernstein differentiate language between classes?

A

Restricted and elaborated code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Restricted code (Bernstein)

A

speech code typically used by working class families - has limited vocabulary. Short simple sentences - descriptive not analytic.E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Elaborated code (Bernstein)

A

typically used by middle class - wider vocabulary and more complex sentences. Communicates abstract ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does restricted speech code (Bernstein) disadvantage children?

A

Elaborated code is used by teachers and in textbooks/exams. Middle class children are already fluent users of the code when starting school therefore more likely to succeed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Douglas (1964) - Parents education

A

Found that working class parents placed less value on education and as a result were less ambitious for their children. Less encouragement and interest. Children therefore had lower levels of motivation and achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Feinstein - Parents education

A

Middle class parents tend to be better educated - more educational capital - advantage cause they can better socialise their children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bernstein and Young - Parents use of income

A

middle class mothers more likely to buy educational toys and books that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development. working class homes lack these resources
educated parents = better knowledge of nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does Sugarman (1970) argue?

A

Working class subculture has 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name Sugarman’s 4 features

A
  1. Fatalism
  2. Collectivism
  3. Immediate gratification
  4. Present time orientation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fatalism (Sugarman working class subculture)

A

belief in fate - “whatever will be, will be” - nothing you can do to change status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Collectivism (Sugarman working class subculture)

A

valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual

17
Q

Immediate gratification (Sugarman working class subculture)

A

seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future (middle class value deferred gratification)

18
Q

Present time orientation (Sugarman working class subculture)

A

seeing the present as more important than the future so not having long-term goals

19
Q

Name 3 compensatory education programmes

A
  1. Sesame street
  2. Sure start
  3. Education action zones
20
Q

Keddie (1973)

A

describes cultural deprivation as a “myth” and sees it as a victim blaming explanation - dismisses the idea that failure at school can be blamed on a culturally deprived home background. Working class children are cultural different not deprived.

21
Q

Blackstone and Mortimore

A

reject the view that working class parents are not interested in their children’s education - work longer/ less regular hours therefore cant attend parents evenings and help with hw

22
Q

What is meant by material deprivation?

A

refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income

23
Q

Department of education (2012) - material deprivation

A

barely a third of pupils eligble for free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSE’s

24
Q

How can housing affect pupils achievement?

A

overcrowding = less room for educational activities, disturbed sleeping, impaired development due to lack of space

cold or damp housing can cause ill health = absence from school

families in temporary housing suffer more psychological distress, infections and accidents

25
Q

Howard (2001) - Diet and Health

A

young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals - affects health - absences or difficulty concentrating

26
Q

Wilkinson (1996) - Diet and Health

A

among ten year olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders

27
Q

Blanden and Machin

A

found that children from low income families were more likely to engage in “externalising behaviour” like fighting which disrupt schooling

28
Q

Bull (1980) - Costs of education
Tanner (2003)

A

“costs of free schooling” - children from poor families dont have educational equipment

cost of items such as transport, uniform, books ect place heavy burden on poor families

29
Q

Flaherty - financial support

A

fear of stigmatisation helps explain why 20% of those eligible for free school meals do not take up their entitlement

30
Q

Callender and Jackson

A

working class students are more debt averse - stopped them from going to university and therefore achieving higher education to achieve more

31
Q

What does Bourdieu argue?

A

both cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievement and are interrelated - 3 types of capital
1. Cultural
2. Educational
3. Economic

32
Q

Leech and Campos

A

middle class parents are more likely to be able to afford a house in the catchment area of a school that is highly placed in the exam league tables

33
Q

SULLIVAN (2001)

A

used questionnaires to conduct survey to assess cultural capital - found those who read complex fiction and watched documentaries developed a wider vocabulary and cultural knowledge - these were children of graduates and were more likely to be successful at GCSE