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LC Chemistry > Families of organic compounds > Flashcards

Families of organic compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or series of organic compounds

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2
Q

what are the different functional groups

A

alcohols
aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids
esters
alkanes
alkenes
alkynes

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3
Q

how to identify an alcohol

A

O-H bond

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4
Q

how to identify an aldehyde

A

H-C double bond O

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5
Q

how to identify a ketone

A

C double bond O

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6
Q

how to identify a carboxylic acid

A

H-O-C double bond O

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7
Q

how to identify an ester

A

O-C double bond O

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8
Q

uses of ethanol

A

alcoholic drinks
fuels
solvents

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9
Q

what is an alcohol

A

an organic molecule that has a carbon bonded to an OH

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10
Q

what does an alcohol name end in

A

anol

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11
Q

what is denaturing

A

methanol is added to ethanol to make it unsafe to drink

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12
Q

how are alcoholic drinks produced

A

fermentation of glucose

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13
Q

what is fermentation of glucose

A

when yeast is used to produce ,12% (v/v) like beer and wine

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14
Q

balanced equation for fermentation of glucose

A

yeast
C6H12O6 ———–> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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15
Q

how are alcohols above 12% (v/v) produced

A

distillation

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16
Q

what are the 3 types of alcohol

A

primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

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17
Q

what is a primary alcohol

A

the carbon atom attached to the OH group is attached to only one other carbon atom

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18
Q

what is a secondary alcohol

A

the carbon atom attached to the OH group is attached to 2 other carbon atoms

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19
Q

what is a tertiary alcohol

A

the carbon atom attached to the oh group is attached to 3 other carbon atoms

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20
Q

how to name an alcohol

A

prefix based on no of carbons + an- number of which carbon the OH group is on - ol

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21
Q

do alcohols have higher or lower boiling points than their corresponding alkanes

A

higher

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22
Q

why do alcohols have higher or lower boiling points than their corresponding alkanes

A

their differences in intermolecular forces
alcohols experience hydrogen bonding between molecules
whereas alkanes experience van der waals between molecules

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23
Q

how does boiling point differ between different alcohols

A

as chain length increases boiling point also increases
alcohols have weak van der waals between the non polar parts of the molecule
as the c chain length increases this leads to stronger van der waals due to a larger electron density
more energy is needed to overcome these forces of attraction

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24
Q

what is the solubility of alcohols in water

A

anything up to C3 is soluble in water as it is non polar
water is polar
they can form H bonds with water

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25
Q

why are alcohols with a C chain of >3 insoluble in water

A

when the chain length increases the solubility of alcohols decreases
this is because the length of the non polar alkyl chain portion of the molecule is increasing and this counteracts the solubility provided by the OH group

26
Q

what are longer chain alcohols soluble in?

A

cyclohexane

27
Q

what is a carbonyl group

A

C double bond O

28
Q

what does a carbonyl group influence

A

the reactivity of a compound
the physical and chemical properties of compounds

29
Q

what plane are atoms in the carbonyl group in

A

planar

30
Q

is the carbonyl group polar or non polr

A

strongly polar

31
Q

which functional groups have carbonyl groups

A

aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters

32
Q

what are natural organic compounds

A

organic compounds that are found in natures

33
Q

give examples of natural organic compounds

A

benzaldehyde in almonds, caffeine, nicotine, opium

34
Q

what are natural organic compounds used for

A

medicine, food flavourings, fragrances

35
Q

uses of aldehydes

A

formaldehyde- preserve biological specimens

36
Q

what is the functional group of an aldehyde

A

C double bond O, C-H

37
Q

what does the name of an aldehyde end in

A

al

38
Q

where is the functional group on an aldehyde

A

ALWAYS at the end of the molecule

39
Q

give the properties of aldehydes

A

will not form H bonds with eachother
permanent dipole-dipole interactions occur
aldehydes are very soluable in water

40
Q

use of a ketone

A

solvents ie propanone and butanone both used as polar and non polar solvents

41
Q

how do ketones smell

A

sweet odor

42
Q

what is the carbonyl group for ketones

A

C double bond O in the middle of the the molecule

43
Q

what is a ketone

A

an organic molecule that has a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and 2 other carbon atoms

44
Q

what are ketones structural isomers of

A

aldehydes

45
Q

properties of ketones

A

boiling point of ketones is higher than the corresponding alkanes due to permanent dipole dipole interactions

boiling point of ketones is lower than that of the corresponding alcohols as alcohols experience Hydrogen bonding and ketones experience dipole dipole more energy is needed to overcome this force of attraction thus higher bp

short chain ketones are soluble in water due to hydrogen bond formation between the polar carbonyl group and water

46
Q

how do you name a ketone

A

prefix based on number of carbons
+anone

47
Q

functional group of a carboxylic acid

A

OH bonded to c double bond o

48
Q

where is the functional group located in a carboxylic acid

A

at the end of the molecule

49
Q

how do you name a carboxylic acid

A

prefix based on number of carbons
+ anoic acid

50
Q

what do carboxylic acids smell like

A

sharp odor

51
Q

uses of carboxylic acids

A

vinegar is dilute ethanoic acid
benzoic acid is a food preservative
methanoic acid in bee and nettle stings

52
Q

what is glacial ethanoic acid

A

pure ethanoic acid

53
Q

what are carboxylic acids isomers of?

A

esters

54
Q

why do carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than the corresponding alkanes and alcohols

A

increased hydrogen bonding interactions between molecules as carboxylic acids have 2 separate polar parts which allows them to form 2 separate hydrogen bonding interactions forming a dimer

55
Q

what is a dimer

A

two hydrogen bonding interactions between seperate carboxylic acid molecules

56
Q

what is the ester functional group

A

o-c double bond o

57
Q

how do you name an ester

A

start of the name comes from the alcohol prefix + yl

end of name comes from carboxylic acid prefix + anoate

eg. ethyl ethanoate

58
Q

what are esters used for

A

fruit flavourings, polyester

59
Q

smell of esters

A

fruity smell

60
Q

properties of esters

A

esters have higher boiling points than the corresponding alkanes because they can for permanent dipoles between molecules

esters have a lower boiling point than their corresponding alcohols as they cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other

shorter chain esters are soluble in water as they are polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water

61
Q

condensation reaction

A

chemical reaction in which 2 molecules combine to forma larger molecule and water is lost (forming an ester)

62
Q

what is the equation for the formation of an ester

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid—-> ester + water

LC Chemistry (22 decks)

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