Families of organic compounds

Question 1

functional group

Answer 1

an atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or series of organic compounds

Question 2

what are the different functional groups

Answer 2

alcohols
aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids
esters
alkanes
alkenes
alkynes

Question 3

how to identify an alcohol

Answer 3

O-H bond

Question 4

how to identify an aldehyde

Answer 4

H-C double bond O

Question 5

how to identify a ketone

Answer 5

C double bond O

Question 6

how to identify a carboxylic acid

Answer 6

H-O-C double bond O

Question 7

how to identify an ester

Answer 7

O-C double bond O

Question 8

uses of ethanol

Answer 8

alcoholic drinks
fuels
solvents

Question 9

what is an alcohol

Answer 9

an organic molecule that has a carbon bonded to an OH

Question 10

what does an alcohol name end in

Answer 10

anol

Question 11

what is denaturing

Answer 11

methanol is added to ethanol to make it unsafe to drink

Question 12

how are alcoholic drinks produced

Answer 12

fermentation of glucose

Question 13

what is fermentation of glucose

Answer 13

when yeast is used to produce ,12% (v/v) like beer and wine

Question 14

balanced equation for fermentation of glucose

Answer 14

yeast
C6H12O6 ———–> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Question 15

how are alcohols above 12% (v/v) produced

Answer 15

distillation

Question 16

what are the 3 types of alcohol

Answer 16

primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

Question 17

what is a primary alcohol

Answer 17

the carbon atom attached to the OH group is attached to only one other carbon atom

Question 18

what is a secondary alcohol

Answer 18

the carbon atom attached to the OH group is attached to 2 other carbon atoms

Question 19

what is a tertiary alcohol

Answer 19

the carbon atom attached to the oh group is attached to 3 other carbon atoms

Question 20

how to name an alcohol

Answer 20

prefix based on no of carbons + an- number of which carbon the OH group is on - ol

Question 21

do alcohols have higher or lower boiling points than their corresponding alkanes

Answer 21

higher

Question 22

why do alcohols have higher or lower boiling points than their corresponding alkanes

Answer 22

their differences in intermolecular forces
alcohols experience hydrogen bonding between molecules
whereas alkanes experience van der waals between molecules

Question 23

how does boiling point differ between different alcohols

Answer 23

as chain length increases boiling point also increases
alcohols have weak van der waals between the non polar parts of the molecule
as the c chain length increases this leads to stronger van der waals due to a larger electron density
more energy is needed to overcome these forces of attraction

Question 24

what is the solubility of alcohols in water

Answer 24

anything up to C3 is soluble in water as it is non polar
water is polar
they can form H bonds with water

Question 25

why are alcohols with a C chain of >3 insoluble in water

Answer 25

when the chain length increases the solubility of alcohols decreases this is because the length of the non polar alkyl chain portion of the molecule is increasing and this counteracts the solubility provided by the OH group

Question 26

what are longer chain alcohols soluble in?

Answer 26

cyclohexane

Question 27

what is a carbonyl group

Answer 27

C double bond O

Question 28

what does a carbonyl group influence

Answer 28

the reactivity of a compound the physical and chemical properties of compounds

Question 29

what plane are atoms in the carbonyl group in

Answer 29

planar

Question 30

is the carbonyl group polar or non polr

Answer 30

strongly polar

Question 31

which functional groups have carbonyl groups

Answer 31

aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters

Question 32

what are natural organic compounds

Answer 32

organic compounds that are found in natures

Question 33

give examples of natural organic compounds

Answer 33

benzaldehyde in almonds, caffeine, nicotine, opium

Question 34

what are natural organic compounds used for

Answer 34

medicine, food flavourings, fragrances

Question 35

uses of aldehydes

Answer 35

formaldehyde- preserve biological specimens

Question 36

what is the functional group of an aldehyde

Answer 36

C double bond O, C-H

Question 37

what does the name of an aldehyde end in

Answer 37

al

Question 38

where is the functional group on an aldehyde

Answer 38

ALWAYS at the end of the molecule

Question 39

give the properties of aldehydes

Answer 39

will not form H bonds with eachother permanent dipole-dipole interactions occur aldehydes are very soluable in water

Question 40

use of a ketone

Answer 40

solvents ie propanone and butanone both used as polar and non polar solvents

Question 41

how do ketones smell

Answer 41

sweet odor

Question 42

what is the carbonyl group for ketones

Answer 42

C double bond O in the middle of the the molecule

Question 43

what is a ketone

Answer 43

an organic molecule that has a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and 2 other carbon atoms

Question 44

what are ketones structural isomers of

Answer 44

aldehydes

Question 45

properties of ketones

Answer 45

boiling point of ketones is higher than the corresponding alkanes due to permanent dipole dipole interactions boiling point of ketones is lower than that of the corresponding alcohols as alcohols experience Hydrogen bonding and ketones experience dipole dipole more energy is needed to overcome this force of attraction thus higher bp short chain ketones are soluble in water due to hydrogen bond formation between the polar carbonyl group and water

Question 46

how do you name a ketone

Answer 46

prefix based on number of carbons +anone

Question 47

functional group of a carboxylic acid

Answer 47

OH bonded to c double bond o

Question 48

where is the functional group located in a carboxylic acid

Answer 48

at the end of the molecule

Question 49

how do you name a carboxylic acid

Answer 49

prefix based on number of carbons + anoic acid

Question 50

what do carboxylic acids smell like

Answer 50

sharp odor

Question 51

uses of carboxylic acids

Answer 51

vinegar is dilute ethanoic acid benzoic acid is a food preservative methanoic acid in bee and nettle stings

Question 52

what is glacial ethanoic acid

Answer 52

pure ethanoic acid

Question 53

what are carboxylic acids isomers of?

Answer 53

esters

Question 54

why do carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than the corresponding alkanes and alcohols

Answer 54

increased hydrogen bonding interactions between molecules as carboxylic acids have 2 separate polar parts which allows them to form 2 separate hydrogen bonding interactions forming a dimer

Question 55

what is a dimer

Answer 55

two hydrogen bonding interactions between seperate carboxylic acid molecules

Question 56

what is the ester functional group

Answer 56

o-c double bond o

Question 57

how do you name an ester

Answer 57

start of the name comes from the alcohol prefix + yl end of name comes from carboxylic acid prefix + anoate eg. ethyl ethanoate

Question 58

what are esters used for

Answer 58

fruit flavourings, polyester

Question 59

smell of esters

Answer 59

fruity smell

Question 60

properties of esters

Answer 60

esters have higher boiling points than the corresponding alkanes because they can for permanent dipoles between molecules esters have a lower boiling point than their corresponding alcohols as they cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other shorter chain esters are soluble in water as they are polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water

Question 61

condensation reaction

Answer 61

chemical reaction in which 2 molecules combine to forma larger molecule and water is lost (forming an ester)

Question 62

what is the equation for the formation of an ester

Answer 62

alcohol + carboxylic acid----> ester + water