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Sociology > Families and Households - Definitions > Flashcards

Families and Households - Definitions Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Family

A

A family is a social institution consisting of a group of people who are related by kinship ties: relations of blood, marriage/civil partnership or adoption

Cohabiting couples not formally linked by kinship are also often regarded as a family unit

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2
Q

Kinship

A

Kinship refers to relations of blood, marriage/civil partnership or adoption

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3
Q

Household

A

A household simply means one person living alone or a group of people who live at the same address and share living arrangements

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4
Q

Nuclear family

A

The nuclear family is a family with two generations, of parents and children, living together in one household

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5
Q

Communes

A

Communes are self-contained and self-supporting communities

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6
Q

Kibbutz

A

The Israeli kibbutz is a form of commune and is one of the most famous and successful attempts to establish an alternative to the family

Here, the emphasis is on collective childrearing, with the community as a whole taking over the tasks of the family

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7
Q

Patriarchy

A

Patriarchy refers to male dominance with men having power and authority

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8
Q

Primary socialization

A

Primary socialization refers to socialization during the early years of childhood (contrasted with secondary socialization, when other social institutions exert an ever increasing influence on individuals, such as the school, the peer group and the media)

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9
Q

Sexual division of labour

A

The sexual division of labour refers to the way jobs are divided into men’s jobs and women’s jobs

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10
Q

Expressive role

A

The expressive role is the nurturing, caring and emotional role

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11
Q

Instrumental role

A

The instrumental role is the provider/breadwinner role in the family

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12
Q

Classic extended family

A

In the classic extended family, several related nuclear families or family members live in the same house, street or area

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13
Q

Privatized nuclear family

A

The privatized nuclear family is a self-contained, self-reliant and home-centred family unit that is separated and isolated from its extended kin, neighbours and local community life

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14
Q

Modified extended family

A

The modified extended family is a family type in which related nuclear families, although living apart geographically, nevertheless maintain regular contact and mutual support through visiting, the phone, email, social networking websites and letters

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15
Q

Division of labour

A

The division of labour is the division of work or occupations into a large number of specialized jobs or tasks, each of which is carried out by one worker or group of workers

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16
Q

Meritocracy

A

A meritocracy (or a meritocratic society) is a society where occupational status is mainly achieved on the basis of talent, skill and educational qualifications, rather than who you know or the family you were born into

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17
Q

Structural differentiation

A

Structural differentiation refers to the way new, more specialised social institutions emerge to take over a range of functions that were once performed by a single institution

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18
Q

Scapegoats

A

Scapegoats are individuals or groups who get blamed for things that aren’t their fault

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19
Q

Privatisation

A

Privatisation is the process whereby households and families become isolated and separated from the community and from wider kin, with people spending more time together in home-centred activities

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20
Q

Domestic labour

A

Domestic labour is unpaid housework, including cooking, cleaning, childcare and looking after the sick and elderly

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21
Q

Dependency culture

A

A Dependency culture is a set of values and beliefs, and a way of life, centred on dependence on others, particularly benefits from the welfare state

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22
Q

Underclass

A

The underclass is a social group right at the bottom of the social class hierarchy, whose members are in some ways different from, and cut off or excluded from, the rest of society

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23
Q

Monogamy

A

Monogamy is a form of marriage in which a person can only be legally married to one partner at a time

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24
Q

Ideological state apparatuses

A

Ideological state apparatuses are agencies which serve to spread the ideology, and justify the power, of the dominant social class

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25
Q

Symmetrical family

A

A symmetrical family is one in which the roles of husband and wife or cohabiting partners have become more alike (symmetrical) and equal

26
Q

Family ideology

A

Family ideology is that dominant set of beliefs, values and images about how families are and how they ought to be

27
Q

Stereotype

A

A stereotype is a generalized, oversimplified view of an institution or social group

28
Q

Cereal packet family

A

The cereal packet family refers to the stereotype of the ideal family found in the media and advertising

It is generally seen as involving first time married parents and their own natural children, living together, with the father as the primary breadwinner and the mother as primarily concerned with the home and children

29
Q

Individualization

A

Individualization refers to the process whereby traditional social relationships, roles and beliefs lose their influence over the lives of individuals

30
Q

Confluent love

A

Confluent love is an active and conditional love, involving the active building of trust and emotional intimacy between two people, and is conditional in the sense that it lasts only so long as it meets the needs of both partners, as opposed to the forever qualities of romantic love

31
Q

Pure relationship

A

A pure relationship is one in which a couple choose to stay together because it meets their emotional and sexual needs, and it only lasts as long as each partner gains sufficient benefits to make its continuance worthwhile, and not because of external pressures, such as from kin, community or established social traditions and norms

32
Q

Divorce rate

A

The divorce rate is the number of divorces per 1,000 married people per year

33
Q

Secularisation

A

Secularisation is the process whereby religious thinking, practice and institutions decline and lose influence in society

34
Q

Marriage rate

A

The marriage rate is the number of men or women marrying per 1,000 unmarried men or women aged 16 or over each year

35
Q

Moral panic

A

A moral panic is a wave of public concern about some exaggerated or imaginary threat to society, stirred up by overblown and sensationalised reporting in the media

36
Q

Beanpole family

A

A beanpole family is a multi-generation extended family, which is long and thin, with few aunts, uncles and cousins, reflecting fewer children being born in each generation, but people living longer

37
Q

Arranged marriage

A

An arranged marriage is one which is arranged by the parents of the marriage parents, with a view to compatibility of background and status

More a union between two families than between two people, and romantic love between the marriage partners is not necessarily present

38
Q

Domestic division of labour

A

The domestic division of labour refers to the division of roles, responsibilities and work tasks within a household

39
Q

Segregated conjugal roles

A

Segregated conjugal roles show a clear division and separation between male and female partners’ roles

40
Q

Integrated conjugal roles

A

Integrated (or joint) conjugal roles show few divisions between male and female partners’ roles

41
Q

Conjugal roles

A

Conjugal roles simply means the roles played by a male and female partner in marriage or in a cohabiting relationship

42
Q

Social construction

A

Social construction means that the important characteristics of something - such as statistics, health, childhood, old age or what is regarded as deviance - are created and influenced by the attitudes, actions and interpretations of members of society

They only exist because people define them as such

43
Q

Demography

A

The term used for the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as their size and structure and how these change over time

44
Q

Birth rate

A

the number of live births per 1,000 of the population each year

45
Q

Fertility rate

A

a general term which is used to describe either the general fertility rate or the total fertility rate

46
Q

General fertility rate

A

the number of live births per 1,000 women of child-bearing age (15-44) per year

47
Q

Total fertility rate

A

the average number of children women will have during their child-bearing years

the number of births in any society depends on both the fertility rates of women (how many children they have) and the numbers of women of child-bearing age

48
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

the number of deaths of babies in their first year of life per 1,000 live births per year

49
Q

Death rate/Mortality rate

A

the number of deaths per 1,000 of the population per year

50
Q

Life expectancy

A

an estimate of how long the average person can be expected to live

estimates of life expectancy can be based on any age, but the most common are life expectancy at birth and at one year

51
Q

Dependent population

A

that section of the population which is not in work and is supported by those who are, such as the under-18s (who are still at school or in training); pensioners; the unemployed and others living on welfare benefits

52
Q

Dependent age groups

A

those under age 18 in compulsory education and those over retirement age

53
Q

Migration

A

changing the country of usual residence for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes the country of usual residence

54
Q

Immigration

A

entering another country for a period of at least a year, so that country becomes the one of usual residence

55
Q

Emigration

A

leaving the usual country of residence for another country for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination becomes the one of usual residence

56
Q

Net migration

A

the difference between immigration and emigration, and therefore whether the population of a country or area has gone up or gone down when both emigration and immigration are taken into account

net migration is usually expressed in terms of a net gain or increase or a net loss or decrease of population

57
Q

Natural population change

A

changes in the size of a population due to changes in the number of births and deaths, excluding migration

expressed as a natural increase or decrease in population

58
Q

population projections

A

predictions of future changes in population size and composition based on past and present population trends

59
Q

Globalisation

A

Globalisation is the growing interconnectedness of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture, consumer goods and economic interests across the globe

60
Q

Undocumented workers

A

Undocumented workers are those who do not have the official documents that are needed to enter, live in or work in a country legally

commonly referred to as illegal immigrants

61
Q

Ageing population

A

An ageing population is one in which the average age is getting higher, with a greater proportion of the population over retirement age, and a smaller proportion of young people

62
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The dependency ratio is the relationship between the proportion of the population who are working and those who are dependent or not working

Sociology (7 decks)

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