families and households Flashcards
1
Q
what were murdocks 4 functions of the family?
A
reproduce
educational
economic
sexual
2
Q
what are criticisms of Murdock?
A
out of date
not all families want to reproduce
3
Q
what are parsons 2 irreducible functions of the family?
A
primary socialisation
soap
4
Q
what are criticisms of parsons?
A
benefits powerful groups (men and bourgeoisie)
Fran Ansley-women are takers if shit
Peter Laslett-pre industrial families were already nuclear
Michael Anderson- significant increase in number of extended families
Armchair theorists
5
Q
Why did Engels say monogamy is essential?
A
inheritance of private property
6
Q
What is Engels primitive communism?
A
classless society- pre industrial
7
Q
What is Engels promiscuous hordes?
A
multiple sex partners to reproduce
8
Q
What does zaretsky say about the family being a safe haven?
A
It’s a safe haven for capitalism to grow
9
Q
How does Marx say the family acts as a means of consumption?
A
Pester Power
Keeping up with the Joneses
10
Q
What did Arlie Hochschild say about emotional life in the family?
A
social life is commodified, people are emotionally detached from others and alienated from their own feelings and connections (dating apps, party planners, care workers)
11
Q
what are the criticisms of Engels?
A
not romantic (death)
people live in families and don’t have properties
12
Q
what are criticisms of Zaretsky?
A
outdated
ignored benefits of the family
13
Q
What are criticisms of Feminism?
A
Too oassive
out of date
some families are equal
14
Q
What does Giddens say about the family (Late Modernist)?
A
confluent love- lasts as long as it benefits both, society has moved away from long romance
reflexivity- no single right way to live your life (questions if sex, marriage and childbirth are connected)
plastic sexuality- sex become a leisure activity and is no longer linked to childbirth
Pure relationship- not built on obligation to stay together
Ends in greater respects within relationships
15
Q
Evaluation of Giddens
A
pure relationships- higher divorce rate
women struggle to get equality in sexual relationships
16
Q
What do Beck and Beck Gernshein say about the family? (late modernist)
A
individualisation- more choice about how to run lives due to geographical and social mobility
Leads to greater uncertainty and people creating own social structures
Love is no longer built on norms and traditions making it harder to find so people try different arrangements
New types of conflict due to both men and women working
17
Q
What does Judith Stacey say about the family? (post modernity)
A
Due to diversity of families there is no norm so institutions need to stop forcing people to be conventional
Studied families in Silicon Valley as ur has more exaggerated family trends
Studied gay and lesbian families- crucial role in changes in family life due to their flexibility
18
Q
What does the personal life perspective focus on?
A
Look at the meanings of relationships rather than the functions
Influenced by interactionists and post modernists
19
Q
What are functionalist views on social policies?
A
state benefits family
Helps provide its functions
20
Q
What are Donzelots views on social policy?
A
policy is a form of state power and control
21
Q
What are New right views on social policy?
A
Government weakens families self resilience
22
Q
what are explanations for an increases in divorce?
A
changes in law
declining stigma
secularisation
expectation of marriage
women’s financial independence
feminist explanation
modernity/individualisation
23
Q
What do functionalists say the meaning of a high divorce rate is?
A
As a result of higher expectations
Still lots of marriage
24
Q
What do New Right say the meaning of a high divorce rate is?
A
undermined marriage and the nuclear family leadings to an underclass
25
What do feminists say the meaning of a high divorce rate is?
Desirable, women breaking free from patriarchy and oppression
26
What do Interactionists say the meaning of a high divorce rate is?
cant generalise the meaning of high divorce rate as each individual experience is different
27
What do Post modernists say the meaning of a high divorce rate is?
greater family diversity
freedom to end relationships
28
What do personal life perspectives say the meaning of a high divorce rate is?
causes problems (financial difficulties)
normalised- families can adapt
29
What are reasons for changing patterns in marriage?
changing attitudes
secularisation
fear of divorce
declining stigma to cohabitation
changing position of women
age of marriage
re marriages
30
What have changes in patterns of marriage led to?
increase in:
same-sex couples
cohabitation
one-person household
31
What are the patterns in childbearing?
women having children later
women having fewer children
1/4 of women not having children
40% of children born outside of marriage
32
What are the reasons for a decrease in childbearing?
Declining stigma
changing social attitudes
secularisation
liberal feminist achievements
changing position of women
contraception
33
What does Murray say about family diversity? (New Right)
biological differences determine family roles
decline in the nuclear family leads to social problems
34
What did Chester say about family diversity? (Functionalist)
family is changing from nuclear to neo conventional
other family types are nuclear in different forms
35
What does Carol Smart say about family diversity?
(personal life perspective)
individuals have more choice to plan their life course
conectedness thesis- personal histories which strongly influence and shape our range of options and choices
36
What does Beck say about the family?
(post modernism)
negotiated families- varies due to the wishes of its members
we live in a risk society as it is constantly changing
zombie families- unstable
37
what does beck say about families?
(postmodernism)
negotiated families- varies due to the wishes of its members
live in a risk society- constantly changing
zombie family- unstable
38
Who came up with the term divorce extended families and what does it mean?
Judith Stacey
families connected through divorce
39
Who came up with segregated and joint roles?
Elizabeth Bott
40
What did Rushing and Powell say about parent roles?
Working mum and stay at home dad creates a positive parent child relationship
41
What strategies that men use to avoid work does Francine Deutsch identify?
passive resistance
pleading incompetence
praise women
different standards
denial
42
What are Crompton and Lyonettes explanation for unequal division of labour?
cultural- socialised into traditional, patriarchal values creating expected gender roles
economic- women used to earn less so stayed at home and men maximised earnings
43
What is Man Yee Kans discovery about pay and working hours?
Every £10 000 per year earned by women leads to 2 hours less housework per week
44
What does Diane Bell identify?
The economy of emotions
45
What statistics did Oakley uncover about men help in domestic work?
15% of men had high levels of help in housework
25% of men had high levels of help in childcare
46
what do pahl and volger say about decision making ?
even when couples are pooling men make financial decisions
47
what did Hardill say about decision making?
30 dual career couples
men’s careers take priority when moving house
48
what does Edgell say about decision making?
women control minor decisions
49
What did Barrett and Mclntosh say about money management?
men make decisions about spending money on important items
50
what did kempson say about money management ?
women in low income families deny their own needs
51
Who came up with the two types of money control and what are they?
Pahl and Vogler
allowance system
pooling
52
What does Smart say about the meanings people give to who controls money?
same sex couples don’t see control of money at equality or inequality
53
What does Weeks say about money control?
pooling is most common but couples hold separate personal accounts
54
what do Dobash and Dobash say about domestic violence?
When men believe wives are not performing their roles correctly they become victims of domestic abuse
1/3 of women interviewed thought they deserved this
1/4 responded with violence
55
Evaluation of Dobash and Dobash
women also attack men
most male victims don’t report and there are little shelters/help for them
study is out of date 1980
56
What is the cultural explanation for domestic violence?
social behaviour is learnt due to the patriarchy
millet- men are the enemy of women, marriage is still patriarchal (honour and obey her husband)
police fail to help as many are men
57
What is the crisis of masculinity in relation to domestic violence?
unemployment challenges- masculine values are left due to less traditional jobs
58
what percent of women aged 16-59 experience domestic abuse?
30%
59
what % of domestic violence crimes are against women?
91%
60
How many assaults will the women suffer before reporting it?
35
61
what is the material explanation for domestic violence ? (marxist feminist)
wilkinson- violence due to stress caused by social inequality, cant escape and get out of the house due to no money so stress develops into violence
62
What does Donavan Et Al (2006) say about same sex couples and domestic violence?
men are likely to experience sexual abuse, respondents don’t define it as abuse as it is emotional and sexual
criminal justice system is not trusted as it is known to be homophobic
63
What did Philippe Ariés say about the social construction of childhood?
she examined historic art to reach conclusions about the role of children in medieval europe
childhood is 300 years old
medieval art showed children wearing the same outfits as adults and working
‘cult of the child’ due to industrialisation and stratified diffusion
64
evaluation of phillipe ariés
people dress up for portraits
not reliable shows wealthy people
Linda Pollock- just because children took part in work doesn’t mean there was no concept of childhood and adults didn’t care
Samantha punch- studied children in Rural Bulgaria and found children were adults from 5 years old
65
What does Jane Pilcher say about the social construction of childhood?
In western Europe childhood is distinctly seperate from adulthood
children are protected and regulated
separate set of rights and responsibilities
66
What are the reasons for changes in position of childhood?
compulsory schooling
children’s rights
declining family size and low IMR
specialist healthcare
laws
67
What does Neil Postman say about the future of childhood?
childhood is disappearing, children grow up very quickly due to TV the media sexualised children and presents them as having the same interests, concerns and problems of adults
childification of adults
blurred line between childhood and adulthood
68
How does Opie evaluate Postman’s view on the future of childhood?
it’s not disappearing, children are still playing games, they have their own culture
69
What does Jenks say about the future of childhood?
Childhood isn’t disappearing just changing, children protected as they are adults last remaining certain relationship
70
What are the arguments for childhood improving?
shorter (functionalist) childhood is functionally fit for modern industrial society and economy
jenks (post modernist) adults focus on children due to their importance for the future and the nostalgia from their past childhood
laws protect children
71
what are the arguments for childhood not improving?
Gittens (child liberationist) age patriarchy forces children’s dependency
Palmer- toxic childhood, obese
Hockey+James- children view childhood as an oppressive phase
Furedi- paranoid parenting (bubble wrapping)
Donzelot- state control childhood
72
How does social class influence experience of childhood?
poor diets and poor healthcare
73
How does ethnicity influence experience of childhood?
black and mixed race children are more likely to be in care
Brannen- asian parents stricter with girls than boys
74
How does gender affect experiences of childhood?
stricter with daughters
Hillman et al- boys stay out after dark and can travel alone younger
McRobbie and Garber- bedroom culture
Bonke- more expectation on girls to do housework and chores
75
What has happened to the mortality rate and why?
fallen
mckeown- improved nutrition
tranter- elimination of disease
Harper- obesity has replaced smoking diets
-decline in dangerous jobs
76
what has happened to the IMR?
fallen
no insurance children
77
what has happened to net migration?
increased
more arrived
78
what is the trend in life expectancy?
steadily climbing
-increased 2 years per decade over past 2 centuries
-Harper= if continues we will reach radical longevity 100+
79
what has happened to the fertility rate?
fallen
less children due to careers
80
what is the replacement level?
2:1
amount of fertility needed to replace the existing population
81
What does the age pyramid show?
How dependents are paid for
82
How does Donald Hirsch describe the age pyramid?
pillar
bulge in the middle
point at top
83
What does Townsend mean by structured dependency?
state makes old dependent on pensions due to not working
they are often in poverty and have healthcare problems
84
What does Pilcher say about the ageing population?
women live longer but have smaller pensions
we should focuse on gender equality through social policies
85
What does Blaikie say about the ageing population? (postmodern)
experience and view of old age has changed dramatically
contribution is no longer of value however they are still consumers (anti ageing products)
86
How does the ageing population impact families and households?
increases dependency ratio
impacts inheritance that they can pass onto children
87
What is the Griffiths report?
care in the community
family has to look after older members due to cuts in local government funding
88
what is the adultist viewpoint?
sociology studies kids from adults viewpoints so we don’t have complete understanding
tried to not push ideas
89
how has the average age of the uk population changed, 1971-2013
34.1
40.3
90
what are reasons for the decline in birth rate?
-changes in womens positions
-decline in IMR
children economic liability
-child centeredness
91
what are the effects of changes in fertility?
-family free to work
-dependency ratio= rational size
-less housing
92
what are the effects of the age pyramid?
-increased expenditure on public services
-1/8 households= one pensioner
-increased dependency ratio= 2015, 3.2 workers for every pensioner
93
what does the postmodernist Hunt say about age?
it no longer determines how we live
94
what are the 3 types of migrants according to cohen?
-citizens
-denizens (privileged)
-helots (slaves)
95
what are examples of migrant identities?
-hybrid identities
-Eade= Bangladeshi Muslims create hierarchal structure
96
what is the feminisation of migration?
-globalisation of the gender division of labour
-Ehrenreich and Hochschild= care, domestic, sex work done by migrants as western women work, western men are unwilling, state fails to produce adequate child care
-Shutes 40% nurses migrants
97
what does Castles say about assimilation?
counter productive
-says minority groups are culturally backwards
98
what does Erikson say about multiculturalism ?
shallow diversity (tikka masala national dish)
deep diversity (arranged marriage)
99
what % of marriages will end in divorce?
40
100
what % of divorces are from women?
65
101
who are most likely to divorce?
-marry young
-children before marriage
-remarriages
102
who does Rushton think is most likely to get divorced?
-women with dual burden
103
who claims work is more favourable for women than the home?
hochschild
104
what law made divorces double over night?
widening the grouns
105
how does fletcher say rising expectations effect divorce rate?
-less likely to stay in an unhappy marriage
106
what did the average age for marriage rise by?
1971-2012= 7 years
107
how many marriages were remarriages in 2012?
1/3
108
how many couples are serial cohabitants?
1/5
109
how many couple cohabit?
1/8
110
what year has cohabitation levels doubled from?
1996
111
1961-2013 what amount have one person households increased by?
3x
112
by what year will what % if the population be single?
2033
30%
113
what amount of people over 65 live in line pensioner households?
40%
114
in 2013 how many adults LAT
1/10
115
what are the reasons for an increase in cohabitation?
-decline in stigma to sex outside marriage 2012 65% not wrong
-young more accepting
-increase career opportunities for women
-secularisation
116
what does chester say about cohabitation and who supports this?
is is a step on the way to marriage
Coast= 75% expect to marry eachother
117
what does Bejin say about cohabitation?
young attempting to create equal, negotiated relationships
118
What % if the population does stonewall identify as having same sex relationships?
5-7% of adult population
119
what does Allan and Crow say about same sex chosen families?
lack of framework leads to negotiating commitment and responsibilities
more flexible but less stable
120
what are the numerical trends in lone parent families ?
-22% of families with children
-90% female headed
- children 2x likely to be in poverty
121
what are the reasons for an increase in lone parent families?
-divorce and separation increase
-decline in stigma for births outside marriage
-death of parents
-single by choice
122
what are the trends in step families?
- over 10% of families with children
-4% from previous relationships
123
what do Allan and Crow say about step family issues?
problems with loyalty
and parent tensions
124
what do Finch and Mason say about obligation to relatives in extended families?
-90% gave it received financial help
-1/2 cared for sick relative
-more expected from females
-principle of reciprocacy
125
what are the 2 reasons for extended families?
-increased life expectancy
-smaller family sizes
126
what does Willmott say about the extended family today?
is is a dispersed extended family due to geographical change
127
what does Chamberlain say about the extended family today?
studied Caribbean families
-multiple nuclear families
- extended family survives due to its important functions
128
what did the interactionist Mitchell and Goody find out about divorce?
meaning:
interviewed
-when father left it was the best day of her life
-never recovered
explanations:
since 60s rapid decline in stigma important
129
what did Allan and Crow say about women’s financial independence in relation to divorce?
marriage is less embedded in the economic system
130
(F)what does Leanard say about social policies?
even if appear to support women they reinforce patriarchal family
131
what are examples of policies that support the patriarchy ?
-tax and benefits- assume husband
-childcare
-care for sick and elderly
132
what are the two types of gender regimes?
familistic
individualistic
133
what does Condry say about social policies?
impose compulsory parent orders through courts to learn ‘correct way to parent’
134
(NR) what does Almond say about social policies?
laws making divorce easier undermine marriage
civil partnership lessen importance of heterosexuals
135
by their 21st birthday how much will a child of cost?
£227000
136
what do the child liberationists Firestone and Holt say about childhood?
-neglect and abuse
-control over children’s space
-control over time
-control over bodies
-control over resources
137
what do postmodernists call people choosing their identity ?
pick and mix identity
138
according to the CSEW how many women were domestic abuse victims in 2012?
2mil
139
what do Coleman and Osborne say about domestic violence statistics
2 women a week are killed by their ex partner
140
What did Ferri and Smith find about responsibility?
fathers take responsibility in fewer than 4% of families
141
what does Gernushy mean by 'lagged adaptation'?
men may be doing more then in the past but still not enough or as much as women
142
what did Dunne find in relation to same sex couples?
more of an equal division of labour
143
what do Delphy and Leonard say about the family?
micro economy
women not paid for work they usually would be
144
what are some examples of conservative family policy?
child support act
section 28
back to basics- John Major
145
what are examples of new labour family policy?
paternity leave
civil partnership act
sure start
EMA
adoption for same sex
146
what are examples of coalition policies?
shared parental leave
same sex marriage
austerity policies- benefit cap. 2 child benefit limit
147
what are functionalist perspectives on family policy?
reinforce nuclear family
-tax incentives for married couples
- in opposition to progressive policies such as same sex marriage
148
what are Marxist perspectives on family policy?
benefit elites
-childcare policies enabling people to work
-state policy punishes those who don't conform to ruling class ideologies
149
what are feminist perspectives on family policy?
-reinforce patriarchy
child benefit paid to mothers assuming they take care
-liberal= contraception, legal abortion, equal pay act
150
what family structures are south asian most likely to be in?
extended
151
what house structure is black caribbean most likely to be in?
matrifocal
loneparent *
152
what ethnic group have higher fertility rates?
south asian
increased dependency ratio
153
what does Reynolds call the relationship between black dads and their children?
visiting father model
154
what is Mirza study on black like parent families?
due to greater emphasis on independence of black women
155
what does Ballard say about Asian extended families?
likely to be extended due to support for migration
now live nearby not in same household
156
what does Modood say about family structure and identity?
cultural hybridity
cultural assimilation
