Beliefs in society Flashcards
1
Q
What is the substantive definition of religion?
A
-Weber
-belief in a supernatural that can’t be scientifically explained
-religion requires a belief in God, supernatural beliefs, holy books, place of worship
-exclusive
2
Q
What is the Functional definition of religion?
A
-used by Durkheim, Parsons
-defines religion by social or psychological functions
-encourage social cohesion, collective conscience
-inclusive
3
Q
what is the social constructionist definition of religion?
A
-interpretivist
-impossible to have one definition
-focus on what religion means to it’s believers
4
Q
what is the Functionalist view for the role of religion?
A
-conservative force= creates social order and maintains value consensus
-promotes stability, preserves status quo, prevent rapid social change
5
Q
what are Durkheims 4 functions of religion?
A
-Discipline= behave sociably
-Cohesion= community
-Vitalising= maintains traditions, ensures values passed down
-Euphoric= place in something much bigger
6
Q
who did Durkheim study?
A
Arunta= Australian aboriginal tribe
they worshiped symbols, items (totem poles)
-wanted to establish what beliefs and ceremonies signified
7
Q
what does Durkheim mean by the sacred and the profane?
A
sacred objects= greater, collective significance, anything inspiring awe and wonder
-profane= everyday with a clear function
8
Q
what does Durkheim mean by religion is a cognitive function?
A
helps us understand the world and why things happen like harvests
9
Q
what are Parsons 2 functions of religion?
A
-creates and legitimates central values= makes basic norms and values sacred (10 commandments)
-primary source of meaning= provides answers to questions that threaten commitment to societies shared values
10
Q
who did Malinowski study?
A
-Trobriand islanders
-canoe magic- islanders would perform rituals when fishing in dangerous water but not in safe water
11
Q
what did Malinowski say the function of religion was?
A
-religion has a psychological function to help individuals deal with anxious and stressful situations
-helped preserve stability of society
-people use religion in events like births and deaths
12
Q
what was Bellah’s view on religion?
A
-civil religion= idea the rituals are similar to religion
-Americanism= flag, national anthem, famous historical figures . promotes social cohesion, order, stability, prevents radical change
-England- royal family, football, music
13
Q
evaluation of functionalist view?
A
-ignores negatives
-ignores religi9on as a source of division and conflict
-is civil religion a religion if there is no belief in the supernatural
14
Q
How are religious organisations patriarchal?
A
male dominated
-orthodox judaism and catholics forbid female priests
-Armstrong says this is marginalisation of women
15
Q
how are places of worship patriarchal?
A
segregate the sexes
-womens participation restricted, cant read from sacred text or preach
-Islam- women cant touch Qur’an if menstruating
-Holm sees this as devaluation of women
16
Q
how are sacred texts patriarchal?
A
feature male Gods/ prophets, written and interpreted by men
-stories portray anti-female stereotypes like Eve
17
Q
how are religious laws and customs patriarchal?
A
-women have fewer rights than men, dress code, divorce
-influences like FGM
-Catholic churches banned abortion
18
Q
What are Beauvior views on religion being patriarchal?
A
-encourage women to be meek and put up with inequality to get rewards in the afterlife
19
Q
How does Armstrong evaluate the view that religion is patriarchal?
A
early religion places women at the centre, female goddesses
-4000 years ago rise of monotheistic religions established all powerful male God
20
Q
How does Saadawi evaluate the view that religion is patriarchal?
A
religion only oppresses women because of the influence of the patriarchy in society
21
Q
what does Woodhead say about religious forms of Feminism?
A
-not all religion is patriarchal
-hijab= western families see it as oppressing but it means liberation as it allows them to enter public sphere without being condemned as immodest
22
Q
what are some examples of religious forms of feminsim?
A
-Brusco= Pentecostal groups in Colombia empower women to gain status and respect in the private sphere
-Piety movements= Rinaldo- support traditional teaching of womens roles, dress, prayer and bible study
-Liberal Protestant organisations, Quakers committed to gender equality
23
Q
What do Marxists say about religion as an ideology?
A
upper class control production and distribution of ideas through the church, education, media
-false consciousness =legitimises suffering of poor as God given and virtuous, believe they will be favoured in afterlife
24
Q
What does Lenin say about religion expoilting the poor?
A
-spiritual Gin creates a mystical fog to obscure reality and prevent the working class rebelling
25
what are examples of religion legitimising power of upper class?
Indian Caste system
Divine right of Kings
26
what do Marxists say about religion and Alienation?
-exploited turn to religion as form of consolation
-religion is Opium of the Masses it masks problems of exploitation and offers no solution but the afterlife
27
what is evaluation of Marxist views on religion?
- ignores positive functions like psychological adjustment to misfortune
-Althusser- rejects concept of alienation as unscientific
-Abercrombie, Hill, Turner- in pre capitalist society Christianity was a major element of ruling class ideology but had limited impact on peasantry
28
what are calvinist beliefs?
-predestination
-Asceticism: abstinence, self discipline, living a frugal life
-work as a calling: live life as a servant of god, job is to work hard and glorify gods name through work ‘this worldly’
29
How did calvinist beliefs establish the spirit of capitalism?
weber said when calvinists were successful they reinvested money which made more money like capitalism
30
what does weber say about religion and social change in hinduism and confucianism?
in India and China they had chances to encourage social change but not all the conditions were present so if conditions are there religion can bring social change
31
what were hinduism beliefs?
-ascetic religion, favouring renunciation of the material world
-discourage growth of rational capitalism
-directed followers concerns to the spiritual worls
32
what were Confucianism beliefs?
hard work
focus on education
self discipline
self improvement
33
What does Bruce say about religion and social protest?
he compared the american civil rights movement and the new christian right to see the relationship between religion and social change
34
what did Bruce say about the american civil rights movement?
-progressive
-churches provided sanctuary
- bible versus and scripture supported protestors
-unity through prayers and hymns
-religion is an ideological resource
35
What does Bruce say are the ways religious organisations can support protests?
-taking the moral high ground
-channeling dissent
-acting as an honest broker
-mobilising public opinion
36
what did Bruce say about the new christian right?
-regressive
-it was largely unsuccessful because campaigners find it difficult:
.to cooperate with people from other groups
.lack widespread support and was met with strong opposition
-few americans support theocracy and many are comfortable with legalising activities they personally disagree with
37
What was Bruce’s conclusions?
to achieve success movements need to be consistent to those of wider society
38
what are other examples of religion and social change?
-desmond tutu
-mother theresa
-pentecostalism
-televangelism in usa(joel osteen)
39
what was Ernst Bloch principle of hope?
-religion has a dual character
-religion is an expression of hope of dreams of a better life
-can be deceiving with promises or rewards in heaven but can also help people see what needs to be changed
40
What is liberation theology ?
-catholic church in latin america
-strong commitment to the poor and opposition to military dictatorship
41
why did liberation theology come about?
-increased rural poverty and urban slums
-human rights abuses following military takeovers
-growing priest commitment to the poor
42
what actions were carried out in liberation theology?
-priests helped poor build base communities
-protection of the church for peasants to fight oppression
-priests developed literacy programmes and raised awareness and support
43
How much influence does liberation theology have today?
-lost its influence when pope condemned it because it represented marxism
-casanova: it played important role in bringing democracy
44
what was the pentecostal challenge?
-david lehmann
-compared liberation theology and pentecostalism
liberation= option for the poor
pentecostalism= option of the poor
45
what are millenarian movements?
christ will rule for another 1000 years
- create heaven on earth, collective group with be saved
-appeal to the poor as it promises immediate improvement
46
What does Gramsci say about religion and hegemony?
ruling class maintain control through their ideas
religion has dual character
can challenge ruling class through counter hegemony
religion can help wc see through hegemony by promoting an ideal world view
47
what are the changes in religion in the uk?
-decline in population going to church
-increase in average age of church goers
-fewer baptisms and church weddings
- decline in amount of people with traditional christian beliefs
-greater diversity
48
what does Wilson say about the changes in religion in the uk?
western societies undergoing long process of secularisation
church attendance in england and wales has fallen from 40% in mid 19th century to 10/15% in 1960
49
how has church attendance led to secularisation?
-more than halved since 1960s
-fell from 1.6 mil in 60s to under 0.8mil in 2013
-70s 60% if marriages in church 2012 30%
-Bogus baptisms to get into good secondary schools
50
religious affiliation and secularisation?
-1983 1/3 adults no religion and in 2014 1/2
-amount identifying as christian feel by 1/3
-number of catholics increased from east european immigration
-islam increased due to immigration and higher birth rates
51
how did religious institutions lead to secularisation?
-state taken over many functions of the church- private sphere of individual and family
-faith schools still have to conform to a national curriculum
-schools have to performs daily act of worship but bbc survey showed 1/2 + in wales don’t
-woodhead: lack of clergy means day to day influence reduced
52
what is weber explanation for secularisation?
rationalisation
-protestant reformation started rational thinking (MLK)
-medieval catholic view saw world as an enchanted garden
-disenchantments meant protestants saw god as transcendent
-humans discovered laws of nature through reason and science
53
what did Bruce mean by the technological world view?
leaves little room for religious explanations
may pray for help for an illness science can’t cure
54
what is Parsons explanations for secularisation?
structural differentiation
-industrialisation means state performs most functions the check used to
-leads to disengagement religion becomes disconnected from wider society
-religion became privatised
55
what is the religious diversity explanation of secularisation?
Berger: the sacred canopy- in middle ages catholic church held monopoly
plurality of life-truths subjective to the individual
plausibility structure- crisis of credibility undermines the reason why people find it believable
56
how is social snd cultural diversity an explanation of secularisation?
-decline of community: wilson- used to share values
-industrialisation: bruce old cottages replaced with factories cutting old ties and meeting new people
-diversity of occupations culture and lifestyle: alternative religions challenge dominant ideology
-secularisation from within: watered down teachings
57
what are the criticisms of secularisation in the uk?
-northern ireland
-cultural defence and cultural transition
-covid
-civil religion
-religious fundamentalism
58
what are the patterns of religion in the usa?
-bible belt
-socially desirable to be religious
-Wilson ‘american way of life’
45% attend church on sundays
59
declining church attendance led to secularisation in US?
-steady 40% since 1940s
-bruce and wilson said churches fabricate their attendance
-Hadaway- head count in ohio interviews claimed 83% higher attendance
-level of beliefs weakened
60
has secularisation from within happened in the US?
-bruce: emphasis on traditional christian beliefs declined
-religion become psychologised
-purpose changed from seeking salvation in heaven to personal improvement on earth
61
has religious diversity led to secularisation in the US
-churchgoers less dogmatic
-Bruce: trend to practical relativism (acceptance that people have different views to them)
62
Evaluation for secularisation in the US
-The religious right and mormonism
-Berger- blinded by own atheist bubble
-americanism
63
what does Davie mean by believing without belonging?
religion privatised as people reluctant to belong to an institution
64
what does Davie mean by vicarious religion and spiritual health service?
-Britain and Northern europe identify with religion but don’t attend church, few select people with knowledge and devotion
- religion used when needed
65
what is evaluation of Davie?
-Voas and Crockett: evidence shows believing and belonging both declining
-Bruce: people not spending time in church is still secularisation
-Day: saying they are christian for belonging to a white english group
66
What does Leger mean by spiritual shopping?
-cultural amnesia: loss of collective memory, belief not generational
do it yourself (individual consumerism) develop beliefs that give meanings to our lives
67
who were the new religions Leger identified?
-Pilgrim: Holistic Milieu in kendal project
follow individual path, self discovery, exploring new age spirituality
- Converts: strong sense of belonging based on ethnic backgrounds. recreate sense of community
68
How do postmodernists say globalisation affects religion?
access to ideas and beliefs
- disembedded religious ideas move from physical church to media
-electronic church and televangelism
69
what does Helland mean by online religion and religion online?
-online religion: no existence outside of internet form of communication
-religion online: organisation uses internet to address members, electronic version of traditional hierarchal communication
70
what do postmodernists mean by religious consumerism?
no longer have to sign up to any specific religious tradition
pick and mix
Nancy Ammerman- american christian fundamentalist not loyal to one church
-loss of faith on meta narratives
71
What do postmodernist mean by the new age?
journey of self discovery
personal development
connecting with one’s inner self
72
what is spiritual revolution?
traditional christianity giving way to holistic spirituality of New Age
explosion of self help books, practitioners who offer therapy and consultations
73
what did Heelas and Woodhead say about spiritual revolution?
congregational domain (traditional)
holistic milieu (spiritual)
-In a week in 2000 7.9% attended church and 1.6% spiritual
-New age due to change in today’s culture, traditional religions demanding duty and obedience declining, success of evangelical churches
74
What are Bruce’s 4 reasons for the weakness of the new age?
-problem of scale
-socialisation of the next generation
-weak commitment
-structural weakness
75
what is religious market theory? Stark and Bainbridge
-idea of secularisation Eurocentric (religion more diverse)
-religious needs universal as human nature, fulfils functions other institutions can't (belonging)
-compensators- real rewards unobtainable so religion gives supernatural ones
-cycle of renewal, decline, revival= older beliefs fade and new ones form, compete with one another to provide services
76
what is supply led religion?
-supports religious market theory
-Hadden and Shupe:
televangelism began competition and led to preaching a 'prosperity gospel' by consumer demand
77
criticism of religious market theory?
-Bruce- misunderstood secularisation theory. never claimed religion had a golden age or would end and didnt say it was universal
78
what is existential security theory?
-Norris and Inglehart
societies where people feel secure have a low level of demand for religion
-demand for religion not constant and varies within societies
-world becoming more religious as poor countries have higher levels of population growth
America religious by standards of other rich nations.
79
criticism of Norris and Inglehart existential security?
-Vasquez
only use quantitative data
ignores appeals that some types of religions have for the wealthy
80
what are examples of religious fundamentalism?
isis
ncr
iranian revolution
81
what is religious fundamentalism?
-favour tradition and look back to a 'golden age' of religion
-arises only when traditional beliefs are threatened by modern society
82
What are the threats to religious fundamentalism?
outside:
capitalist globalisation, military invasion, penetration of western culture
within:
new secular ideas, liberal attitudes
83
what are the key features of religious fundamentalism?
-authoritative sacred text
-'us and them' mentality
-aggressive reactions
-use of modern tech
-patriarchy
-conspiracy theories
84
what does Giddens say about religious fundamentalism and modernity?
product of globalisation which undermines tradition
-individuals constantly have choice causing uncertainty and risk
85
what is Giddens cosmopolitanism theory?
-contrasts fundamentalism
-open to new views and reflexive thinking
-requires justified views by evidence and rational arguments
personal meaning and self improvement
86
what are religious fundamentalist responses to Postmodernity?
Bauman- postmodernity brings risk so some turn to fundamentalism to claim truth and security
Castells- 2 responses
-resistance identity (fundamentalism)
-project identity (adopt new thinking)
87
criticisms of religious fundamentalism and modernity
-harsh distinguish between cosmopolitan and fundamentalism ignores hybrid movements
-fixated on fundamentalism
-Giddens groups all fundamentalism together
88
what does Bruce say about monotheism and religious fundamentalism?
Monotheistic religions based on notion of Gods will and one sacred text.
Polytheistic have more scope for different interpretations
89
what does Bruce say the two types of fundamentalism are?
-fundamentalism in the West: change taking place in society. NCR developed due to increase in family diversity
-fundamentalism in the East: reaction to changes thrust upon a society from outside . Islamic revolution triggered by modernisation
90
what does Huntington mean by clash of civilisation?
-religion centre of a number of global conflicts which have intensified since the collapse of communism
-'problem is Islam not Islamic fundamentalism'
-religious differences creating an 'us and them' harder to solve than political ones as they are deeply rooted
-struggle of 'progress against barbarism'
91
what is the real clash of civilisations?
Norris and Inglehart
-Muslim and Western society separated due to conflict on attitudes to sexuality and gender
92
what is secular fundamentalism?Davie
religion is not just separated from the public sphere but actively excluded and even ridiculed, viewing religion as a hindrance to progress.
-secular views held dogmatic
1) first phase enlightenment
2) globalisation
93
what are criticisms of Huntington?
-Jackson= orientalism, Western stereotype East as untrustworthy
-Casanova= ignore division between Sunni and Shia Muslims
-Horrie and Chippindale= grossly misleading, portrays whole of Islam as the enemy
94
who talks about cultural defence and what do they say?
Bruce
it is a function of religion
unites a country against an external threat
gives religion a prominent role in politics
95
how is Poland an example of cultural defence?
Soviet Communism
Catholic church suppressed
-church popular rallying point
lent active support to solidarity free union movements in the 80s
-church has significant impact on polish politics
96
how is Iran an example of cultural defence?
Western culture + capitalism
-1950s= illegal overthrow of democratic gov to install western regimes
-60/70s banned veil and replaced Muslim calendar, widened gap between rich and poor
-1979= revolution creation of Islamic republic- clerics held state power and imposed Shariah law
97
how has globalisation effected Hinduism in India?
-created huge, scientifically educated middle class
-extreme neo- liberal economic policies, huge inequality between rich and poor
-large increase in mc religiosity, religion, success and Indian nationality closely linked
-economy =western style free market
-liberated and hinduised at the same time
-process of modernisation
98
how has development of capitalism in East Asia influenced by religion?
-Tiger communities
-South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore part of global economy
-Redding= played role similar to Calvinism, values encouraged hard work, self discipline, frugality
99
how was the development of Pentecostalism in Latin America influenced by religion?
Berger- acts as functional equivalent to Webers protestant ethic, encourages development of capitalism
-demands ascetic life encouraging members to be upwardly mobile
-ethic necessary to raise a society out of poverty but natural resources also needed
-Chile and Brazil
100
what is the history of typologies?
weber differentiated between sect (small) and church (large)
- troeltsch and neibuhr
church, sect, denomination and cult
101
what are characteristics of a church?
-monopoly
-connected to state
-hierarchal
-few demands
-mainstream
-attractive to high earners but open to all
102
what are examples of churches?
christianity
islam
hinduism
judaism
103
what are characteristics of sects?
-broke away from church as dissatisfied
-claim monopoly
-hostile to other religions
-no hierarchy
-lack professional clergy
-total commitment
-marginalised groups
-hostile to state
104
what are examples of sects?
-Branch Davidians
-David Koresh
-Peoples Temple
105
what are characteristics of denominations?
-Neibuhr= halfway between church and sect
-not connected to state
-membership larger than sect, smaller than church
-hierarchy
-no monopoly
106
what are examples of denominations?
methodist and baptist
107
what are characteristics of cults?
-individualised, loosely organised, very few demands
-business
-relaxed
-inclusive
-tolerant with state
-self improvement therapy
108
what are examples of cults?
yoga
transcendental (new age)
109
evaluation for Troeltsh and Niebuhr typologies?
-useful for simplistic categorisation, ease of understanding
-criticises church definition does it really exist anymore
-Bruce- does church apply to temporary society religious pluralism
110
what are stark and bainbridge 3 types of cults?
1)audience cult
2) client cult
3)cult movement
111
what are stark and bainbridge 3 types of cults?
1)audience cult
2) client cult
3)cult movement
112
what is the audience cult?
-ps passive consumer
-people attend lectures, read books, watch dvd to consume particular set of beliefs
-no necessary relationship
113
what is the audience cult?
-ps passive consumer
-people attend lectures, read books, watch dvd to consume particular set of beliefs
-no necessary relationship
online groups believing in ufo
114
what are client cults?
-doctor/client relationship
-prolonged relationship
-chose when and how often
(visiting chiropractor)
115
what is a cult movement?
-doesn’t provide one service
-looks to fulfil all spiritual needs
-clients members of congregation
(scientology, Heavens Gate cult)
116
what are Wallis three new religious movements?
1)world accommodating groups (denominations)
2)world rejecting groups (sects)
3)world affirming groups (cults)
117
what are Wallis three new religious movements?
1)world accommodating groups (denominations)
2)world rejecting groups (sects)
3)world affirming groups (cults)
118
what does wallis mean by world accommodating groups?
breakaway from existing mainstream church
neither accept or reject world
restore purity of religion
members lead conventional lives
(neo pentecostal split from catholic)
119
what does wallis mean by world accommodating groups?
breakaway from existing mainstream church
neither accept or reject world
restore purity of religion
members lead conventional lives
(neo pentecostal split from catholic)
120
what does Wallis mean by world rejecting groups?
vary in size
clear notion of God and highly organised
critical of outside world
Seek radical change and break away from former life
live communally
conservative
(moonies, peoples temple)
121
what does Wallis mean by world rejecting groups?
vary in size
clear notion of God and highly organised
critical of outside world
Seek radical change and break away from former life
live communally
conservative
(moonies, peoples temple)
122
What does Wallis mean by world affirming groups?
lack conventional features
lack collective worship and not highly organised
accept world- promise followers success in mainstream
non exclusive
offer additional special knowledge to unlock spiritual powers
psychologised
(human potential, Tm, scientology)
123
what is an evaluation of typologies?
-hard to pin down, features of several and may move between them
-questions extent that some should be considered religious (New Age movement people dabble)
-problem of stigma (sects and cults)
124
what does Neibuhr mean by denomination or death?
sects come into existence because of schism, they are short lived and die out often within one generation
1)second generation- born into sect so lack commitment
2)protestant and ethic effect- prosperous so tempted to compromise with world
3)death of the leader- either collapse or bureaucratic leader so denomination
125
what do Stark and Bainbridge mean by sectarian cycle?
1)schism: little breakaway, tension between deprived and privileged members
2)initial fervour: charismatic leadership
3)denominationalism (soften views) protestant ethic effect
4)establishment (appeal to everyone) become world accepting
126
what does Heelas say about the growth of the new age?
-detraditionalisation: values personal experience (can find truth ourselves)
-self spirituality: look inside themselves
127
what does Wilson mean by established sects?
not all follow cycle depends on answer to 'what shall we do to be saved'
1) conversionist: (such as evangelicals) aim to convert large number- grow larger to more formal denomination
2)Adventist: await second coming of Jesus, separate from corrupt world around them
128
what was the Kendall project?
-Heelas and Woodhead
-congregational domain and holistic milieu
-popular with middle age women
129
evaluation of the Kendall project?
-predominantly white British population, doesn't reflect non-Christian religions
-middle class town
-defining the holistic milieu
130
what does religion look like in the postmodern era?
-channelling, crystals, astrology, smudging
131
what are the dynamics of sects and NRM?
-short lived lasting single gen or less
-interest in understanding longevity if they must cool down and evolve into denominations
132
what does Neibuhr mean by denomination or death?
-second generation= born into so lack commitment
-protestant ethic effect= sects practice asceticism (upwardly mobile) tempted to compromise with world
-death of the leader= either collapse or more formal leader takes over into a denomination
133
what is the first stage or stark and bainbridge sectarian cycle?
schism
little breakaway
tension between deprived and well off member
134
what is the second stage of sectarian cycle?
initial fervour
passion
charismatic leadership
135
what is the third stage of sectarian cycle?
denominationalism
protestant ethic effect
coolness of second gen
136
what is the fourth stage of sectarian cycle?
establishment
become world accepting
137
what are Heelas two common themes of the new age?
-detraditionalisation= find truth themselves
-self spirituality= look inside selves
138
what does Wilson mean by established sects?
-don’t all follow sectarian cycle
1) conversionists= aim to convert lots grow into denominations
2)adventist= await second coming of Jesus separate to corrupt world (globalisation makes this harder but helps recruit in third world)
139
what are the reasons for development of new religious movements?
marginality (weber)
relative deprivation
social change
140
what does Weber mean by marginality?
outskirts of society join sects as don’t have access to occupational status or income opportunities
sect offers Theodicy of Disprivelege- explanation and promise in this life or next
black muslim (nation of Islam) black divine and white evil and inferior
141
how is relative deprivation a reason for nrm?
subjective sense of feeling deprived
provide strict code of behaviour, helps gain self respect and sense of community
self discipline lifestyle improve material issues
(scientology support for careers- middle class)
142
how has social change led to development of nrm?
social dislocation- feeling of being uprooted
sects provide certainty with strict moral codes and beliefs
Cohn- medieval europe, sects develop after plague, fires , droughts
143
how does Heelas say modernity and nam are linked?
-source of identity (authentic) many roles, family, work
-consumer culture dissatisfaction: never delivers perfection nam offer alternative way
-rapid social change: sense of certainty
-decline of organised religion: provides gap for nam
144
what does Bruce say about modernity and the new age?
values individualism similar to new age and those in expressive professions
softer version of demanding eastern religions like buddhism
pick and mix spiritual shopping
145
what does Drane say about post modernity and new age?
appeal is part of shift towards post modernity and a loss of faith in meta narratives and science and church
146
what are the patterns in gender and beliefs?
-most churchgoers female and likely to attend church more regularly
-Bsa 2012, 44% men and 55% women said they had a religion
-Voas: men twice as likely to say they definitely do not believe in life after death
147
what did Miller and Hoffman say the 3 reasons for womens high levels of religiosity are?
-risk
-socialisation
-roles
148
what do Miller and Hoffman mean by risk?
-not being religious is a risk if religion is real
-men are more likely to take this risk
-Davie= childbirth dangers decreased in Western society so there is less risk and women maybe less religious as a result
149
what do Miller and Hoffman mean by socialisation affecting women's religiosity?
-women socialised to be more passive, obedient and caring which most religions want
150
what do Miller and Hoffman mean by roles affecting women's religiosity?
-women likely to work part time so have time for religion
-more likely to be attracted to church as a gender identity
-Davie- women closer to death and birth so closer to the question of the meaning of life
151
what does Bruce say about how paid work effect women's religiosity?
-Bruce= women less involvement in paid work (which links to secularisation such as rationalisation). Religion confined to private family sphere whilst men in public sphere less religious
152
what does Brown say about how paid work effects women's religiosity?
-decline of female piety, women taking on roles in public sphere. Religion is more attractive to women for 2 reasons
1)religion has a strong affinity with values of caring
2)churches have become feminised through men's withdrawal
153
what does Brusco mean by the pentecostal gender paradox?
-demands followers to have ascetic lifestyle and insists on traditional gender roles. Combats Machismo in Latin America men spend 20/40% of income on alcohol, gambling and prostitutes
154
what do Heelas and Woodhead say about women and the new age?
80% of people in holistic milieu female -women more associated with nature and movements celebrate healing, giving women higher status and self worth
155
what does Bruce say about women and the new age?
-men wish to achieve but women wish to feel due to childrearing
-fits with expressiveness of the New Age
156
what does Woodhead say about women and the new age?
-experience role conflict between private and public sphere
-New Age movements provide individual sphere to focus on personal growth
157
what does Bruce say about deprivation of women and sects?
-organismic- physical and mental health issues likely to seek help from sects
-ethical- likely to see world as being in moral decline so join sects
-social deprivation- women more likely to be poor
158
what is the relationship between ethnicity and religion?
Brierley- in London black people 2x more likely to attend church than whites
-Muslims, Hindus, Black Christians more likely to see religion as important and attend church weekly
159
what are the reasons for ethnic differences?
most em from poorer countries with religious origins
-cultural defence
-cultural transition
160
what is the pattern between age and religious participation?
-under 15s likely to go to church, less choice
-attendance declining expect in ages 65+
-half english churchers have no under 20s
-Brierley- by 2025 15-19year olds will be 2.5% of attenders
161
what are Voas and Crocketts reasons for the age difference?
1)ageing affect= older more interested in spirituality and life after death
2)The Period or Cohort effect= certain periods more religious due to experiences (war)
3) secularisation= 1/2 as many religious in every gen
162
what does Popper say about open belief systems?
it is open to scrutiny, criticism and testing
-science based on falsificationism- open to being disproven
-science based on cumulative knowledge
163
what does Merton mean by CUDOS norms?
-communism= scientific knowledge not private property
-universalism= truth of falsity is based on universal
-disintrestedness= committed to discovering knowledge
-organised scepticism= no knowledge claimed as scared
164
what are similarities to science and beliefs?
-both claim knowledge of how the world works and ways of understanding processes in life
-both have lots of followers who put their trust and faith in what they have to say
165
what are differences between science and beliefs?
-science based on cognitive power enables us to explain predict and control the world
-science based on logic and reasoning
-science is objective
166
what does Horton mean by closed belief systems?
-distinguishes between open and closed
-religion closed because knowledge claims are made that can't be overturned
-when threatened religion uses 'get out' clauses
-big bang being made by God
167
what does evans pritchards say about beliefs being closed?
witchcraft azande
-accused can resolve issue by consulting ‘magic poison oracle’
-regard witchcraft as psychic coming from within substance in witches intestines so can be subconscious
-form of social control- hereditary
168
What does Polanyi mean by self sustaining beliefs?
systems to sustain when faced with contradictory evidence
-circulatory
-subsidiary explanations
-denial of legitimacy to rivals
169
what is an evaluation of closed belief systems?
-marijuana US gov said killed brain cells but they suffocated the monkeys which killed their brain cells
-climate change denial can pay scientists to say it isn’t true
-pseudo science of the Nazis social darwinism
170
what does Kuhn say about science as a closed system?
operated in a paradigm
set of assumptions new theories must fit in
enough evidence can cause a paradigm shift
(gravity and evolution)
-dependent on funding so can effect research
171
what do interpretivists say about science as a social construct?
all knowledge socially constructed
scientific facts are products of shared theories and paradigms
172
what are marxist ideologies
-equality will never work due to human nature
-victim blaming ideas about poverty
-racism
-Gramsci- dual consciousness
173
what is evaluation of marxist ideologies?
Abercrombie- economic factors such as fear of unemployment keeps workers from rebelling
Popper- closed system
174
what are feminist ideologies?
Marks- ideas from science used to justify excluding women from education
-19th century doctors, scientists say educating females leads to creation of new race of puny and unfeminine females
-women ritually unclean and impure due to childbirth and menstruation
churching
175
what are feminist ideologies?
Marks- ideas from science used to justify excluding women from education
-19th century doctors, scientists say educating females leads to creation of new race of puny and unfeminine females
-women ritually unclean and impure due to childbirth and menstruation
churching
176
what is evaluation of feminist ideologies?
not all element of religious belief systems subordinate women
before monotheistic patriarchal beliefs they were matriarchal with female deities
Hindu Godssses
177
plan for is science less ideological than religion
1) popper falsifiable yes
2) Kuhn paradigms marxism no
3) hide it feminism no
178
arguments for religion being a science?
-comte- rely on religion for explanations
law of three stages
- cause and effect sin=punishment
-empirical elements and testing
Buddhism experiences meditation
179
what are new religious movements?
world affirming
world accommodating
world rejecting
