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Crime and Deviance Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how does Durkheim say crime is normal?

A

-socialisation:
not everyone socialised effectively, underclass have a different set of norms and values
-subcultures:
suffer from anomie and normlessness making it hard to follow collective conscience

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2
Q

what are Durkheim functions of crime?

A

-Boundary maintenance
-Adaptation and change

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3
Q

what is boundary maintenance?

A

crimes that are concerning strike a reaction and unite members in opposition
punishment reaffirms shared values and society

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4
Q

what is adaptation and change in relation to durkheim and crime?

A

all forms of social change start with an act of deviance
divorce jesus
highlight immediate need for change
rosa parks civil rights

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5
Q

how does Davis support Durkheim view on crime?

A

prostitution acts as a safety valve releasing men’s sexual frustration without threatening monotonous nuclear family

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6
Q

how does Polsky support Durkheim view on crime?

A

pornography safely channels variety of sexual desires away from alternative like adultery

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7
Q

how does Cohen support Durkheims view on crime?

A

warning that an institution isn’t functioning properly high truancy rates tell us there are issues with the education system

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8
Q

what are evaluations for Durkheim ?

A

-realists criticise idea that crime is normal, crime is an issue for victims and society
-marxist: doesn’t consider where laws and value consensus come from
-doesn’t consider why some commit crime and some don’t

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9
Q

what does Merton mean by strain theory?

A

-American dream
-wealth and material success
-strain between socially encouraged goals and socially excepted ways to achieve them

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10
Q

what are the origins of strain theory?

A

-structural factors- lower class
-cultural factors- American dream
when they don’t marry strain happens

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11
Q

what are the responses to strain theory?

A

-conformist
-ritualist
-retreatist
-rebel
-innovator

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12
Q

what are strengths of Merton strain theory ?

A

-explains patterns in official crime statistics
-lower class crime rates higher as have least opportunity to obtain wealth legitimately

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13
Q

What are weaknesses of Merton strain theory?

A

-explains utilitarian crime by those with no education ( doesn’t explain middle class)
-take statistics at face value- deterministic and over represent working class
-ignores mc power to criminalise wc through laws
-ignores role of group deviance

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14
Q

what does cohen mean by status frustration?

A

-wc boys failed at school and face anomie in the mc habitus school system
-from subcultures in response
-reverse of mainstream values

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15
Q

what does cohen mean by alternative status hierarchy?

A

-subcultures value spite, malice, hostility
-praise what society condemns, inverts values of mainstream society
-tried but failed legitimate opportunity structure
-win status from peers

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16
Q

what are strengths of Cohens status frustration theory?

A

recognised non utilitarian crime
edgework- postmodernists

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17
Q

what are weaknesses of Cohens status frustration?

A

-demonises wc boys ( marxist white collar crime and corporate crime)
-ignores possibility that wc boys never shared same goals so dont see themselves as failures

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18
Q

what do cloward and ohlin focus on?

A

not everyone turns to innovation due to blocked opportunities
there is unequal access to illegitimate opportunities too

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19
Q

what are the three types of subcultures according to cloward and ohlin?

A

criminal subcultures
conflict subcultures
retreatist subcultures

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20
Q

what are criminal subcultures?

A

Youth apprenticeship for a career and utilitarian crime
Arises in neighbourhoods with an established hierarchy of professional adult crime

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21
Q

What are conflict subcultures?

A

High levels of social disorganisation
Only illegitimate opportunities are within loosely organised gangs
Winning turf
releases young men’s frustration

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22
Q

What are retreatist subcultures?

A

double failures
not succeeded at a legitimate route so turn to illegal drug use

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23
Q

what is the Chicago school?

A

-cultural transmission theory
-differential association theory
-social disorganisation theory

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24
Q

what did the chicago school mean by cultural transmission?

A

some places develop a criminal tradition which passes through generations

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25
Q

what does the chicago school mean by differential association theory?

A

deviance learnt through social interactions with others who are deviant

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26
Q

what does the chicago school mean by social disorganisation theory?

A

changes like rapid population turn over and migration create instability disrupting family structure
unable to exercise social control

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27
Q

what is institutional anomie theory?

A

Messner and Rasenfelds
-American dream obsessed with money success which exerts pressure towards crime by encouraging an anomic cultural environment
(anything goes)
-school prepare for labour market instead of teaching values like respect

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28
Q

what are weaknesses of cloward and ohlin?

A

-Matza: drift in and out of subcultures
-reactive theories: form in reaction to failure of achievement mainstream goals not everyone shares them
-Miller: low class has own independent subculture which doesn’t value success so members are not frustrated by failure

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29
Q

what is Becker labelling theory in relation to deviance?

A

deviance is due to how people react
-masks in covid
reactions can depend on social context
-murder vs killing in war

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30
Q

what are moral entrepreneurs?

A

create laws and responsible for defining crime and deviance

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31
Q

how does labelling theory relate to sfp?

A

negative label effects self concept
(cooley-looking glass self)
-leads to deviance amplification and master status

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32
Q

what is Lemerts view on deviance and sfp?

A

primary deviance after someone commits offence
secondary deviance is the reactions of other which can lead to further offence

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33
Q

what do Piliavin and Briar say about labelling?

A

process of labelling by moral entrepreneurs were discriminatory

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34
Q

what do Piliavin and briar say about how reactions can effect likelihood of labelling?

A

-how person interacts with authorities (elaborated code of speech)
-appearance, background, personal biography
-situation and circumstances of the act

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35
Q

what does Cicourel say about labelling?

A

-agents of power label based on stereotypical typifications
-middle class don’t fit so can negotiate themselves out of the justice system
-reinforces stereotypes as they then don’t appear in official statistics

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36
Q

what is an study about the negotiation of justice?

A

Chambliss
saints and roughnecks

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37
Q

what do interactionists say the issue with official statistics is?

A

overpolicing of large groups
-leads to a dark figure of crime 7x more
-white collar criminals

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38
Q

what are examples of mc people getting away with crime?

A

Lindsay Lohan- drunk driving and drugs 1 day jail and 10 days community service)
-panama and paradise papers- leaked who isnt paying taxes including royal family
-Bullingdog boys- Cameron and Johnson

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39
Q

what does Lemert mean by primary deviance?

A

not publicly labelled or widespread. Often trivial and not an organised deviant way of life

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40
Q

What does Lemert mean by secondary deviance?

A

result of social reaction, stigmatised and humiliated

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41
Q

what does Lemert mean by master status?

A

only seen in terms of label so it become your controlling identity

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42
Q

wat does Lemert mean by deviant career?

A

secondary deviance reinforces outsider status and leads to a deviant career

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43
Q

what does Young mean by control culture?

A

police
hippies smoking marijuana in Notting hill

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44
Q

who did Stanely Cohen research in relation to moral panicks?

A

Mods and Rockers
fight in English seaside town

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45
Q

what does Cohen mean by folk devils?

A

media constructs a narrative with a clear villain

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46
Q

what does Cohen mean by moral panic?

A

any sensationalist
reaction is out of proportion
creates deviance amplification

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47
Q

what effect does labelling have on the criminal justice system ?

A

-laws are created against folk devils which pushes their deviance into secondary
-new crimes increase crime rates
-becker- marijuana tax

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48
Q

what types of shaming does Braithewaite identify?

A

-disintegrative
-reintegrative

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49
Q

what is disintegrative shaming?

A

crime and actor labelled negatively

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50
Q

what is reintegrative shaming?

A

crime and the actor are labelled differently

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51
Q

what type of shaming does Braithewaite believe should be used and why?

A

reintegrative
rehabilitation to prevent secondary deviance
-Norwegian prisons

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52
Q

what are evaluations of labelling?

A

-dark figure of crime
-abstracts theory, no solutions to the crime and its victims
-wealthy sometimes treated worse

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53
Q

what is criminogenic capitalism?

A

crime is inevitable as capitalism uses people as a means to an end whatever the cost (dog eat dog)
-capitalism encourages greed and self interest

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54
Q

what are examples of criminogenic capitalism?

A

Bernie Madoff- ponzie scheme

Deepwater horizon

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55
Q

how does law creation lead to crime?

A

law serve the interest of capitalism
Ruling class have power to prevent laws that threaten them
-Chambliss-laws that protect private property are the cornerstone of capitalist economy
-Selective enforcement of laws

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56
Q

What are examples of law creation leading to crime?

A

tax evasion is illegal, but tax avoidance is not
Presidential pardons
Crack/powdered cocaine
Regulation of businesses

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57
Q

how does law/crime act as an ideological function?

A

-occasionally laws a pet benefit working class (health and safety)
-Pearce-benefit really in class such as giving a healthy workforce
-stats show working class as criminals encouraging blaming of their class rather than capitalism
-Hi reality of crime stating it’s caused by mental illness

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58
Q

what are examples of the ideological functions of crime?

A

Minimum wage
Living wage

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59
Q

What are evaluations of Marxist theory?

A

-ignores crime caused by gender/age
-deterministic (overpredict working class crime)
-Not all societies have high crime rates
-ignores intra class crime

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60
Q

what is white collar crime?

A

Occupational crime committed by employees to further their own financial gain
Embezzlements

61
Q

What is corporate crime?

A

Committed by employees father company to increase profits
Often doesn’t break criminal law and it’s just administrative offences
Deforestation

62
Q

what are types of corporate crime against consumers?

A

False labelling, selling unfit goods
Doll- breast implants filled with dangerous silicone france

63
Q

what does Corrabine say about the abuse of trust?

A

we trust high status professionals with finances, health, security and personal information whilst their positions give them opportunity to abuse our trust

64
Q

What are examples of abuse of trust?

A

Ernest and young-tax avoidance scheme which would’ve cost 300 million per year to the taxpayer

Harold Shipman/ lucy letby

65
Q

what does Sutherland say about the abuse of trust?

A

White colour crime is a greater threat than street crime because it promotes distrust of basic social institutions

66
Q

How does the media lead to the invisibility of corporate crime?

A

Limited coverage of corporate crime described in sanitised language
Embezzlement becomes accounting irregularities

67
Q

How does crimes being complex lead to the invisibility of corporate crime?

A

Law enforces are understaffed and under resourced

68
Q

How does delabelling lead to the invisibility of corporate crime?

A

Corporate crime is filtered out of the process of criminalisation. Offence is a defender civil and find are paid instead of jail.

69
Q

how does under reporting lead to the invisibility of corporate crime?

A

Victim is society not individuals
Victims may not be aware or may feel powerless

70
Q

How have Neo liberal policies led to the partial visibility of corporate crime?

A

Monetisation and privatisation of public services means they are more exposed to scrutiny

71
Q

what are the Marxist explanations of corporate crime?

A

Strain theory
Labelling theory
Differential association
marxism

72
Q

How do Marxist think strain theory leads to corporate crime?

A

Box- if company can’t maximise profits legally they may do so illegally

Clinard + Yeager- law violations by large companies increase when performance deteriorates

73
Q

how do Marxists think labelling theory leads to corporate crime?

A

Cicourel- the middle-class are able to negotiate non-criminal labels

De-labelling, Nelken- businesses have powered to avoid labels and can afford lawyers

Reluctance of law enforcement to investigate and prosecute which uses numbers of recorded offences

74
Q

how do Marxists think differential association leads to corporate crime?

A

Sutherland- crime is behaviour from others in social context. If companies justifies crime employees socialised into

Geis- individuals in companies where illegal price fixing practised became involved

Techniques of neutralisation - Sykes + Matza- deviate easily if can produce justifications

75
Q

how do Marxists think Marxism leads to corporate crime?

A

Corporate crime is a result of the normal functioning of capitalism

Box- mystification that corporate crime is less harmful

Pearce- prosecuted corporate crime creates illusion that it is an exception

Companies comply with the law if it is strictly enforced , they don’t developing countries

76
Q

what are evaluations of Marxist explanations for corporate crime?

A

Nelkon- unrealistic to assume our businesses would offend if no punishment

Doesn’t explain crime in nonprofit organisations like police

Law abiding may be more profitable

77
Q

what is Neo Marxism a blend of?

A

Interactionism and labelling
traditional Marxism

78
Q

What are Neil Marxist criticisms of traditional Marxism?

A

to deterministic
capitalism not always to blame

79
Q

what type of approach is Neo Marxism?

A

social action
supports voluntarism and the use of free will to engage in crime which strives for political change

80
Q

Who developed the new criminology and a fully social theory of deviance?

A

Taylor
Walton
Young

81
Q

What part of Marxism does the new criminology agree with?

A

capitalist society exploits and promotes extreme inequalities

State makes laws in the interest of capitalist class

A classless society is needed

82
Q

what is auntie determinism?

A

Neo Marxist criticism
rejects idea crime can be caused by external factors subcultures labelling biological factors
sees crime as voluntaristic

83
Q

What are the six processes of a fully social theory of deviance?

A

-wider origins of deviant act
-Immediate origins
-Actual act
-Immediate origins of social reaction
-Wider origins of social reaction?
-labelling

84
Q

Who studied links to a fully social theory of deviance, and what was it?

A

Stuart Hall
Policing the crisis
-1970s social crisis rioting and recession
-Inner city riots
-mugging by African Caribbean
-Media outrage
-scapegoats
-Injustice, hostile arrest

85
Q

what are further examples to support a fully social theory of deviance?

A

brixton riots
Bobby seal plus Black Panthers
BLM movements

86
Q

what is feminist evaluation of neo Marxism?

A

too gender blind and only focuses on male criminality

87
Q

what are left realist criticisms of neo Marxism?

A

Romanticises working class criminals who actually pray on the poor

88
Q

what are realist ideas?

A

Response to increased crime
-Disregard idea that crime is socially constructed
-Other theories too theoretical and not useful in making policies

89
Q

what is right realism?

A

Law and order should be maintained mercilessly
Functionalist (Hirschi) social bonds and technic communities prevent crime
-Influenced by Thatcher and Reagan

90
Q

Why do right realists believe biology causes crime?

A

Wilson+ Herrnstein
biosocial theory
-Some innately predisposed to commit crime
Aggressiveness extroversion risk taking
-Herrnstein+Murray- low IQ main cause

91
Q

why do right realists believe socialisation causes crime?

A

Involves learning self-control, internalised moral values of right and wrong
-Nuclear family is best
-Murray and underclass/ new rabble

92
Q

why do right realists believe rational choice theory causes crime?

A

Clarke- committing crime is a choice based on cost/reward analysis
-Free will

93
Q

What’s our criticisms of right realist beliefs of what causes crime?

A

ignores why the structural cars is like poverty
Overstates offenders rationality and cost benefit calculations
Rational choice conflicts with biological explanation

94
Q

What is right realist zero tolerance?

A

New York guardian angels
-three strike rule
-Claire boundary maintenance to ensure social solidarity

95
Q

What is right, realist broken windows theory?

A

Wilson
where one broken window is left on replaced there will be many
Physical symbol residents don’t care about environment and tolerate low-level deviance

96
Q

What is evaluation of zero tolerance and broken windows theory?

A

Young- myth by politicians and police keen to take the credit for falling crime rate
-Police need to arrest to justify existence
-Gives police excuse to discriminate
-Ignore serious crime
-leads to displacement of crime in other areas

97
Q

what is left realism?

A

-believe in gradual change to achieve equality
-crime is a real issue
-effects wc

98
Q

what does Young mean by aetiological crisis?

A

crisis in explanation
interactionist argue increasing crime not real just increased labelling

99
Q

how does left realism say subcultures lead to crime?

A

merton, cohen, cloward ohlin
-blocked opportunity
failure to achieve mainstream goal
-subcultures subscribe to mainstream values consumerism and materialism

100
Q

what does Weber say about left realism and subcultures?

A

theodicy of deprivilege- turn to religion for an answer
or turn to crime to close ‘deprivation gap’

101
Q

what does Pryce say abut subcultures and left realism?

A

Bristol balck communities subculture law abiding trying to live in racist society

102
Q

How do left realists think marginalisation leads to crime?

A

like claire goals and organisations to represent their interests
-Workers have goals of better pay and trade unions to achieve so they are not violent
-Young: unemployed youths are violent as they have no organisation and a sense of resentment and frustration

103
Q

how is the sum riots2011 examples of left realist theories of crime?

A

Lewis- desire to consume products that society edges you to have but you can’t legitimately achieve them

104
Q

how does left realism relative deprivation leads to crime?

A

Runicimons
-results of crime to obtain what they think they’re entitled to
People are aware of relative deprivation due to media and advertising
-Individualism encourages pursuits of self interest extent of others

105
Q

how to left realist to think rising antisocial behaviour leads to crime

A

Young- results of defining deviance
ASBOS IPNAS
Boundaries of crime and manufacture more crime
It’s a subjective definition, so it’s flexible for more crimes
Government created a new crime rate

106
Q

what are left realist strategies to reduce crime?

A

-policing and control
-structural support

107
Q

what do left realists mean by policing and control?

A

Lea+Young- police clean up rates low
spend little time investigating and need to include public
-military policing- stop and search swamping areas due to lack of public information due to mistrust
-multi agency approach

108
Q

what do left realists mean by structural support ?

A

-ideal with inequality of opportunities
tackle discrimination
decent jobs for everyone
improve housing
improve community
tolerant of diversity and cease stereotyping

109
Q

what are evaluations of left realist theories?

A

Milovanovic- accept definition of crime being street crime committed by poor
-interactionists- rely on quantitative data so can’t explain why
-not all who experience relative deprivation commit crime

110
Q

What are the three tactics for crime prevention and control?

A

situational crime prevention
Social community crime prevention
Environmental crime prevention

111
Q

what does Clarke mean by situational crime prevention?

A

Approach reduces up opportunities for crime
manages and alters immediate environment
increase effort and reduce rewards

112
Q

How is situational crime prevention achieved?

A

Target hardening
locking doors, CCTV security

113
Q

What is an example of situational crime prevention?

A

Felson
Port authority bust terminal New York
Redesigned
Small sinks

114
Q

what is evaluation of situational crime prevention?

A

Displacement
Focuses on petty Street crime
Assumes criminals make rational decisions
Ignore root cause

115
Q

what are the types of displacement?

A

Spatial
Temporal
Target
Tactical
Functional

116
Q

What is environmental crime prevention?

A

Wilson and Kelling broken windows
Absence of formal and informal social control
Zero tolerance

117
Q

What is an example of environmental crime prevention?

A

clean car programme, New York
No graffiti

118
Q

what is evaluation of environmental crime prevention?

A

reduced crime may not be from zero tolerance
More offices
Reduce crime rate in areas without zero tolerance
Falling homicide rates due to improved medical practice

119
Q

What is social community crime prevention?

A

depends on offender and social context
Remove conditions that predisposed individuals to crime
Long-term strategies
Social reform programs and housing employment and poverty

120
Q

what is an example of social community crime prevention?

A

Perry preschool project
Disadvantaged black children in Michigan
Weekly home visits and intellectual enrichment
Less lifetime arrests more graduates and employed

121
Q

what is surveillance?

A

-part Clarkes target hardening
-monitoring of public behaviour for purposes of population crime control
-using data to regulate their correct behaviour

122
Q

what does Foucault mean by sovereign power?

A

monarch power over peoples bodies
visible public punishment

123
Q

what is disciplinary power?

A

seeks to govern mind and soul
dominant because it is effective and efficient

124
Q

what did Foucault mean by the Panopticon?

A

central watchtower
one way glass
self surveillance and discipline
rehabilitation
specialist knowledge to correct deviant behaviour

125
Q

what does Foucault mean by dispersal of discipline?

A

-spread to mental asylums, barracks, factories, workhouses, schools
-community service orders =carceral archipelago

126
Q

what are criticisms of Foucault?

A

-assumes expressive aspect of punishment disappeared
-shift from sobering to discipline less clear
-Goffman- some inmates can resist controls
-Norris- CCTV works in car parks not elsewhere

127
Q

what is synoptic surveillance?

A

Mathiesen
-centralised surveillance, everybody watches everyone
Thompson- powerful groups fear media surveillance
-public monitor eachother dashcams
-Mann public can control controlled

128
Q

what is Surveillant Assemblages?

A

-Haggert + Ericson
-manipulation of digital data in cyberspace
-combine different technologies (data double) cctv and facial recognition

129
Q

what is labelling + surveillance?

A

-Ditton et al
-CCTV operators make discriminatory judgement about who they should focus on
-Norris+ Armstrong- discriminate young black men
typification- sfp

130
Q

what is Actuarial risk management?

A

Feeley + Simon
new technology of power
protect and prevent future offending
Young- damage limitation strategy prevent by picking most likely offenders
Lyon-categorical suspicion

131
Q

what are the two types of punishment?

A

-reduction
-retribution

132
Q

what is retribution?

A

paying back
-punish crimes already committed
-revenge
-expressive

133
Q

what is reduction?

A

-deterrence: punish individual discourages from future offending
-rehabilitation: reform/ change offenders education + training
-incapacitation: remove capacity to reoffend
popular with politicians

134
Q

what is Durkheims view on punishment?

A

upholds social solidarity reinforces shared values
retributive justice- severe cruel punishment
restitutive justice - restore community

135
Q

what is transcarceration?

A

locked in cycle of control
blur boundaries between justice and welfare agencies

136
Q

what are marxist beliefs about punishment?

A

-serves ruling class
-maintain existing social order
-repressive state apparatus
-

137
Q

what do Rusche and kircheimer say about punishment?

A

each economy has own penal system
capitalism favours imprisonment

138
Q

how do Melossi and pavarini say imprisonment reflects capitalism?

A

-puts price on workers time and doing time
-similar strict discipline to workplace

139
Q

what is populist punitiveness?

A

politicians favour tougher crime
-New Labour- prison used as deterrent move from penal welfarism
-prison population doubles 1993-2016
-147/100000 in england + wales in prison

140
Q

what is mass incarceration?

A

Garland- high number in American prisons
-5 mil under supervision of criminal justice system
-black males 6x likely to be in prison

141
Q

what is the social construction of victimhood?

A

-label gave to some and not others
-women and children seen as victims
-wider society and the media
-becomes a master status
-don’t conform to idealised image
-prostitution 16=victim

142
Q

what are class patterns of victimology?

A

-poorest
-high in unemployment and deprived areas
-Newbourn + Rock- homeless 12x likely to experience violence

143
Q

what are age patterns of victimology?

A

-young at risk
infants under 1 most likely to be murdered
-teens vulnerable to assault, sexual harassment
-old at risk of abuse

144
Q

what are gender patterns of victimology?

A

-males greater risk of violent crimes by strangers
-70% homicide victims male
-women experience sexual and domestic violence

145
Q

what are ethnic patterns of victimology?

A

-EM risk of general and racially motivated crimes
-report feeling under protected and overcontrolled by the police

146
Q

what are methodological issues with CSEW?

A

-hidden victims
-crimes not reported to police (embarrassment- male domestic abuse)
-not seen as criminal (marital rape)
-victimless crime (fraud)
-focus on inner city urban environment

147
Q

whats the impact of victimisation?

A

physical and emotional impacts
-disrupted sleep and helplessness
-indirect victims
-em hate crime messages

148
Q

what is secondary victimisation?

A

victimised at hands of justice system
rape victims asking for it

sociology (5 decks)

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