Crime and Deviance Flashcards
how does Durkheim say crime is normal?
-socialisation:
not everyone socialised effectively, underclass have a different set of norms and values
-subcultures:
suffer from anomie and normlessness making it hard to follow collective conscience
what are Durkheim functions of crime?
-Boundary maintenance
-Adaptation and change
what is boundary maintenance?
crimes that are concerning strike a reaction and unite members in opposition
punishment reaffirms shared values and society
what is adaptation and change in relation to durkheim and crime?
all forms of social change start with an act of deviance
divorce jesus
highlight immediate need for change
rosa parks civil rights
how does Davis support Durkheim view on crime?
prostitution acts as a safety valve releasing men’s sexual frustration without threatening monotonous nuclear family
how does Polsky support Durkheim view on crime?
pornography safely channels variety of sexual desires away from alternative like adultery
how does Cohen support Durkheims view on crime?
warning that an institution isn’t functioning properly high truancy rates tell us there are issues with the education system
what are evaluations for Durkheim ?
-realists criticise idea that crime is normal, crime is an issue for victims and society
-marxist: doesn’t consider where laws and value consensus come from
-doesn’t consider why some commit crime and some don’t
what does Merton mean by strain theory?
-American dream
-wealth and material success
-strain between socially encouraged goals and socially excepted ways to achieve them
what are the origins of strain theory?
-structural factors- lower class
-cultural factors- American dream
when they don’t marry strain happens
what are the responses to strain theory?
-conformist
-ritualist
-retreatist
-rebel
-innovator
what are strengths of Merton strain theory ?
-explains patterns in official crime statistics
-lower class crime rates higher as have least opportunity to obtain wealth legitimately
What are weaknesses of Merton strain theory?
-explains utilitarian crime by those with no education ( doesn’t explain middle class)
-take statistics at face value- deterministic and over represent working class
-ignores mc power to criminalise wc through laws
-ignores role of group deviance
what does cohen mean by status frustration?
-wc boys failed at school and face anomie in the mc habitus school system
-from subcultures in response
-reverse of mainstream values
what does cohen mean by alternative status hierarchy?
-subcultures value spite, malice, hostility
-praise what society condemns, inverts values of mainstream society
-tried but failed legitimate opportunity structure
-win status from peers
what are strengths of Cohens status frustration theory?
recognised non utilitarian crime
edgework- postmodernists
what are weaknesses of Cohens status frustration?
-demonises wc boys ( marxist white collar crime and corporate crime)
-ignores possibility that wc boys never shared same goals so dont see themselves as failures
what do cloward and ohlin focus on?
not everyone turns to innovation due to blocked opportunities
there is unequal access to illegitimate opportunities too
what are the three types of subcultures according to cloward and ohlin?
criminal subcultures
conflict subcultures
retreatist subcultures
what are criminal subcultures?
Youth apprenticeship for a career and utilitarian crime
Arises in neighbourhoods with an established hierarchy of professional adult crime
What are conflict subcultures?
High levels of social disorganisation
Only illegitimate opportunities are within loosely organised gangs
Winning turf
releases young men’s frustration
What are retreatist subcultures?
double failures
not succeeded at a legitimate route so turn to illegal drug use
what is the Chicago school?
-cultural transmission theory
-differential association theory
-social disorganisation theory
what did the chicago school mean by cultural transmission?
some places develop a criminal tradition which passes through generations
what does the chicago school mean by differential association theory?
deviance learnt through social interactions with others who are deviant
what does the chicago school mean by social disorganisation theory?
changes like rapid population turn over and migration create instability disrupting family structure
unable to exercise social control
what is institutional anomie theory?
Messner and Rasenfelds
-American dream obsessed with money success which exerts pressure towards crime by encouraging an anomic cultural environment
(anything goes)
-school prepare for labour market instead of teaching values like respect
what are weaknesses of cloward and ohlin?
-Matza: drift in and out of subcultures
-reactive theories: form in reaction to failure of achievement mainstream goals not everyone shares them
-Miller: low class has own independent subculture which doesn’t value success so members are not frustrated by failure
what is Becker labelling theory in relation to deviance?
deviance is due to how people react
-masks in covid
reactions can depend on social context
-murder vs killing in war
what are moral entrepreneurs?
create laws and responsible for defining crime and deviance
how does labelling theory relate to sfp?
negative label effects self concept
(cooley-looking glass self)
-leads to deviance amplification and master status
what is Lemerts view on deviance and sfp?
primary deviance after someone commits offence
secondary deviance is the reactions of other which can lead to further offence
what do Piliavin and Briar say about labelling?
process of labelling by moral entrepreneurs were discriminatory
what do Piliavin and briar say about how reactions can effect likelihood of labelling?
-how person interacts with authorities (elaborated code of speech)
-appearance, background, personal biography
-situation and circumstances of the act
what does Cicourel say about labelling?
-agents of power label based on stereotypical typifications
-middle class don’t fit so can negotiate themselves out of the justice system
-reinforces stereotypes as they then don’t appear in official statistics
what is an study about the negotiation of justice?
Chambliss
saints and roughnecks
what do interactionists say the issue with official statistics is?
overpolicing of large groups
-leads to a dark figure of crime 7x more
-white collar criminals
what are examples of mc people getting away with crime?
Lindsay Lohan- drunk driving and drugs 1 day jail and 10 days community service)
-panama and paradise papers- leaked who isnt paying taxes including royal family
-Bullingdog boys- Cameron and Johnson
what does Lemert mean by primary deviance?
not publicly labelled or widespread. Often trivial and not an organised deviant way of life
What does Lemert mean by secondary deviance?
result of social reaction, stigmatised and humiliated
what does Lemert mean by master status?
only seen in terms of label so it become your controlling identity
wat does Lemert mean by deviant career?
secondary deviance reinforces outsider status and leads to a deviant career
what does Young mean by control culture?
police
hippies smoking marijuana in Notting hill
who did Stanely Cohen research in relation to moral panicks?
Mods and Rockers
fight in English seaside town
what does Cohen mean by folk devils?
media constructs a narrative with a clear villain
what does Cohen mean by moral panic?
any sensationalist
reaction is out of proportion
creates deviance amplification
what effect does labelling have on the criminal justice system ?
-laws are created against folk devils which pushes their deviance into secondary
-new crimes increase crime rates
-becker- marijuana tax
what types of shaming does Braithewaite identify?
-disintegrative
-reintegrative
what is disintegrative shaming?
crime and actor labelled negatively
what is reintegrative shaming?
crime and the actor are labelled differently
what type of shaming does Braithewaite believe should be used and why?
reintegrative
rehabilitation to prevent secondary deviance
-Norwegian prisons
what are evaluations of labelling?
-dark figure of crime
-abstracts theory, no solutions to the crime and its victims
-wealthy sometimes treated worse
what is criminogenic capitalism?
crime is inevitable as capitalism uses people as a means to an end whatever the cost (dog eat dog)
-capitalism encourages greed and self interest
what are examples of criminogenic capitalism?
Bernie Madoff- ponzie scheme
Deepwater horizon
how does law creation lead to crime?
law serve the interest of capitalism
Ruling class have power to prevent laws that threaten them
-Chambliss-laws that protect private property are the cornerstone of capitalist economy
-Selective enforcement of laws
What are examples of law creation leading to crime?
tax evasion is illegal, but tax avoidance is not
Presidential pardons
Crack/powdered cocaine
Regulation of businesses
how does law/crime act as an ideological function?
-occasionally laws a pet benefit working class (health and safety)
-Pearce-benefit really in class such as giving a healthy workforce
-stats show working class as criminals encouraging blaming of their class rather than capitalism
-Hi reality of crime stating it’s caused by mental illness
what are examples of the ideological functions of crime?
Minimum wage
Living wage
What are evaluations of Marxist theory?
-ignores crime caused by gender/age
-deterministic (overpredict working class crime)
-Not all societies have high crime rates
-ignores intra class crime
what is white collar crime?
Occupational crime committed by employees to further their own financial gain
Embezzlements
What is corporate crime?
Committed by employees father company to increase profits
Often doesn’t break criminal law and it’s just administrative offences
Deforestation
what are types of corporate crime against consumers?
False labelling, selling unfit goods
Doll- breast implants filled with dangerous silicone france
what does Corrabine say about the abuse of trust?
we trust high status professionals with finances, health, security and personal information whilst their positions give them opportunity to abuse our trust
What are examples of abuse of trust?
Ernest and young-tax avoidance scheme which would’ve cost 300 million per year to the taxpayer
Harold Shipman/ lucy letby
what does Sutherland say about the abuse of trust?
White colour crime is a greater threat than street crime because it promotes distrust of basic social institutions
How does the media lead to the invisibility of corporate crime?
Limited coverage of corporate crime described in sanitised language
Embezzlement becomes accounting irregularities
How does crimes being complex lead to the invisibility of corporate crime?
Law enforces are understaffed and under resourced
How does delabelling lead to the invisibility of corporate crime?
Corporate crime is filtered out of the process of criminalisation. Offence is a defender civil and find are paid instead of jail.
how does under reporting lead to the invisibility of corporate crime?
Victim is society not individuals
Victims may not be aware or may feel powerless
How have Neo liberal policies led to the partial visibility of corporate crime?
Monetisation and privatisation of public services means they are more exposed to scrutiny
what are the Marxist explanations of corporate crime?
Strain theory
Labelling theory
Differential association
marxism
How do Marxist think strain theory leads to corporate crime?
Box- if company can’t maximise profits legally they may do so illegally
Clinard + Yeager- law violations by large companies increase when performance deteriorates
how do Marxists think labelling theory leads to corporate crime?
Cicourel- the middle-class are able to negotiate non-criminal labels
De-labelling, Nelken- businesses have powered to avoid labels and can afford lawyers
Reluctance of law enforcement to investigate and prosecute which uses numbers of recorded offences
how do Marxists think differential association leads to corporate crime?
Sutherland- crime is behaviour from others in social context. If companies justifies crime employees socialised into
Geis- individuals in companies where illegal price fixing practised became involved
Techniques of neutralisation - Sykes + Matza- deviate easily if can produce justifications
how do Marxists think Marxism leads to corporate crime?
Corporate crime is a result of the normal functioning of capitalism
Box- mystification that corporate crime is less harmful
Pearce- prosecuted corporate crime creates illusion that it is an exception
Companies comply with the law if it is strictly enforced , they don’t developing countries
what are evaluations of Marxist explanations for corporate crime?
Nelkon- unrealistic to assume our businesses would offend if no punishment
Doesn’t explain crime in nonprofit organisations like police
Law abiding may be more profitable
what is Neo Marxism a blend of?
Interactionism and labelling
traditional Marxism
What are Neil Marxist criticisms of traditional Marxism?
to deterministic
capitalism not always to blame
what type of approach is Neo Marxism?
social action
supports voluntarism and the use of free will to engage in crime which strives for political change
Who developed the new criminology and a fully social theory of deviance?
Taylor
Walton
Young
What part of Marxism does the new criminology agree with?
capitalist society exploits and promotes extreme inequalities
State makes laws in the interest of capitalist class
A classless society is needed
what is anti determinism?
Neo Marxist criticism
rejects idea crime can be caused by external factors subcultures labelling biological factors
sees crime as voluntaristic
What are the six processes of a fully social theory of deviance?
-wider origins of deviant act
-Immediate origins
-Actual act
-Immediate origins of social reaction
-Wider origins of social reaction?
-labelling
Who studied links to a fully social theory of deviance, and what was it?
Stuart Hall
Policing the crisis
-1970s social crisis rioting and recession
-Inner city riots
-mugging by African Caribbean
-Media outrage
-scapegoats
-Injustice, hostile arrest
what are further examples to support a fully social theory of deviance?
brixton riots
Bobby seal plus Black Panthers
BLM movements
what is feminist evaluation of neo Marxism?
too gender blind and only focuses on male criminality
what are left realist criticisms of neo Marxism?
Romanticises working class criminals who actually pray on the poor
what are realist ideas?
Response to increased crime
-Disregard idea that crime is socially constructed
-Other theories too theoretical and not useful in making policies
what is right realism?
Law and order should be maintained mercilessly
Functionalist (Hirschi) social bonds and technic communities prevent crime
-Influenced by Thatcher and Reagan
Why do right realists believe biology causes crime?
Wilson+ Herrnstein
biosocial theory
-Some innately predisposed to commit crime
Aggressiveness extroversion risk taking
-Herrnstein+Murray- low IQ main cause
why do right realists believe socialisation causes crime?
Involves learning self-control, internalised moral values of right and wrong
-Nuclear family is best
-Murray and underclass/ new rabble
why do right realists believe rational choice theory causes crime?
Clarke- committing crime is a choice based on cost/reward analysis
-Free will
What’s our criticisms of right realist beliefs of what causes crime?
ignores why the structural cars is like poverty
Overstates offenders rationality and cost benefit calculations
Rational choice conflicts with biological explanation
What is right realist zero tolerance?
New York guardian angels
-three strike rule
-Claire boundary maintenance to ensure social solidarity
What is right, realist broken windows theory?
Wilson
where one broken window is left on replaced there will be many
Physical symbol residents don’t care about environment and tolerate low-level deviance
What is evaluation of zero tolerance and broken windows theory?
Young- myth by politicians and police keen to take the credit for falling crime rate
-Police need to arrest to justify existence
-Gives police excuse to discriminate
-Ignore serious crime
-leads to displacement of crime in other areas
what is left realism?
-believe in gradual change to achieve equality
-crime is a real issue
-effects wc
what does Young mean by aetiological crisis?
crisis in explanation
interactionist argue increasing crime not real just increased labelling
how does left realism say subcultures lead to crime?
merton, cohen, cloward ohlin
-blocked opportunity
failure to achieve mainstream goal
-subcultures subscribe to mainstream values consumerism and materialism
what does Weber say about left realism and subcultures?
theodicy of deprivilege- turn to religion for an answer
or turn to crime to close ‘deprivation gap’
what does Pryce say abut subcultures and left realism?
Bristol balck communities subculture law abiding trying to live in racist society
How do left realists think marginalisation leads to crime?
like claire goals and organisations to represent their interests
-Workers have goals of better pay and trade unions to achieve so they are not violent
-Young: unemployed youths are violent as they have no organisation and a sense of resentment and frustration
how is the sum riots2011 examples of left realist theories of crime?
Lewis- desire to consume products that society edges you to have but you can’t legitimately achieve them
how does left realism relative deprivation leads to crime?
Runicimons
-results of crime to obtain what they think they’re entitled to
People are aware of relative deprivation due to media and advertising
-Individualism encourages pursuits of self interest extent of others
how to left realist to think rising antisocial behaviour leads to crime
Young- results of defining deviance
ASBOS IPNAS
Boundaries of crime and manufacture more crime
It’s a subjective definition, so it’s flexible for more crimes
Government created a new crime rate
what are left realist strategies to reduce crime?
-policing and control
-structural support
what do left realists mean by policing and control?
Lea+Young- police clean up rates low
spend little time investigating and need to include public
-military policing- stop and search swamping areas due to lack of public information due to mistrust
-multi agency approach
what do left realists mean by structural support ?
-ideal with inequality of opportunities
tackle discrimination
decent jobs for everyone
improve housing
improve community
tolerant of diversity and cease stereotyping
what are evaluations of left realist theories?
Milovanovic- accept definition of crime being street crime committed by poor
-interactionists- rely on quantitative data so can’t explain why
-not all who experience relative deprivation commit crime
What are the three tactics for crime prevention and control?
situational crime prevention
Social community crime prevention
Environmental crime prevention
what does Clarke mean by situational crime prevention?
Approach reduces up opportunities for crime
manages and alters immediate environment
increase effort and reduce rewards
How is situational crime prevention achieved?
Target hardening
locking doors, CCTV security
What is an example of situational crime prevention?
Felson
Port authority bust terminal New York
Redesigned
Small sinks
what is evaluation of situational crime prevention?
Displacement
Focuses on petty Street crime
Assumes criminals make rational decisions
Ignore root cause
what are the types of displacement?
Spatial
Temporal
Target
Tactical
Functional
What is environmental crime prevention?
Wilson and Kelling broken windows
Absence of formal and informal social control
Zero tolerance
What is an example of environmental crime prevention?
clean car programme, New York
No graffiti
what is evaluation of environmental crime prevention?
reduced crime may not be from zero tolerance
More offices
Reduce crime rate in areas without zero tolerance
Falling homicide rates due to improved medical practice
What is social community crime prevention?
depends on offender and social context
Remove conditions that predisposed individuals to crime
Long-term strategies
Social reform programs and housing employment and poverty
what is an example of social community crime prevention?
Perry preschool project
Disadvantaged black children in Michigan
Weekly home visits and intellectual enrichment
Less lifetime arrests more graduates and employed
what is surveillance?
-part Clarkes target hardening
-monitoring of public behaviour for purposes of population crime control
-using data to regulate their correct behaviour
what does Foucault mean by sovereign power?
monarch power over peoples bodies
visible public punishment
what is disciplinary power?
seeks to govern mind and soul
dominant because it is effective and efficient
what did Foucault mean by the Panopticon?
central watchtower
one way glass
self surveillance and discipline
rehabilitation
specialist knowledge to correct deviant behaviour
what does Foucault mean by dispersal of discipline?
-spread to mental asylums, barracks, factories, workhouses, schools
-community service orders =carceral archipelago
what are criticisms of Foucault?
-assumes expressive aspect of punishment disappeared
-shift from sobering to discipline less clear
-Goffman- some inmates can resist controls
-Norris- CCTV works in car parks not elsewhere
what is synoptic surveillance?
Mathiesen
-centralised surveillance, everybody watches everyone
Thompson- powerful groups fear media surveillance
-public monitor eachother dashcams
-Mann public can control controlled
what is Surveillant Assemblages?
-Haggert + Ericson
-manipulation of digital data in cyberspace
-combine different technologies (data double) cctv and facial recognition
what is labelling + surveillance?
-Ditton et al
-CCTV operators make discriminatory judgement about who they should focus on
-Norris+ Armstrong- discriminate young black men
typification- sfp
what is Actuarial risk management?
Feeley + Simon
new technology of power
protect and prevent future offending
Young- damage limitation strategy prevent by picking most likely offenders
Lyon-categorical suspicion
what are the two types of punishment?
-reduction
-retribution
what is retribution?
paying back
-punish crimes already committed
-revenge
-expressive
what is reduction?
-deterrence: punish individual discourages from future offending
-rehabilitation: reform/ change offenders education + training
-incapacitation: remove capacity to reoffend
popular with politicians
what is Durkheims view on punishment?
upholds social solidarity reinforces shared values
retributive justice- severe cruel punishment
restitutive justice - restore community
what is transcarceration?
locked in cycle of control
blur boundaries between justice and welfare agencies
what are marxist beliefs about punishment?
-serves ruling class
-maintain existing social order
-repressive state apparatus
-
what do Rusche and kircheimer say about punishment?
each economy has own penal system
capitalism favours imprisonment
how do Melossi and pavarini say imprisonment reflects capitalism?
-puts price on workers time and doing time
-similar strict discipline to workplace
what is populist punitiveness?
politicians favour tougher crime
-New Labour- prison used as deterrent move from penal welfarism
-prison population doubles 1993-2016
-147/100000 in england + wales in prison
what is mass incarceration?
Garland- high number in American prisons
-5 mil under supervision of criminal justice system
-black males 6x likely to be in prison
what is the social construction of victimhood?
-label gave to some and not others
-women and children seen as victims
-wider society and the media
-becomes a master status
-don’t conform to idealised image
-prostitution 16=victim
what are class patterns of victimology?
-poorest
-high in unemployment and deprived areas
-Newbourn + Rock- homeless 12x likely to experience violence
what are age patterns of victimology?
-young at risk
infants under 1 most likely to be murdered
-teens vulnerable to assault, sexual harassment
-old at risk of abuse
what are gender patterns of victimology?
-males greater risk of violent crimes by strangers
-70% homicide victims male
-women experience sexual and domestic violence
what are ethnic patterns of victimology?
-EM risk of general and racially motivated crimes
-report feeling under protected and overcontrolled by the police
what are methodological issues with CSEW?
-hidden victims
-crimes not reported to police (embarrassment- male domestic abuse)
-not seen as criminal (marital rape)
-victimless crime (fraud)
-focus on inner city urban environment
whats the impact of victimisation?
physical and emotional impacts
-disrupted sleep and helplessness
-indirect victims
-em hate crime messages
what is secondary victimisation?
victimised at hands of justice system
rape victims asking for it
what is chivalry thesis?
-pollak- men protective attitude to women more lenient
-Graham + Bowling- males 2.33 more likely to admit to crime in last 12 months
how do official statistics support chivalry thesis?
-females likely to be released on bail
-likely to receive shorter prison sentences
-1/9 female 1/5 male sentence for shoplifting
what does Box say against chivalry thesis?
-women who commit serious offences are not treated more leniantly
How does bias against women support statistics?
-Heidensohn- treat females harshly when deviate from expressive role
-double standards- girls punished for sexual activity
7/11 girl referred to support 0/44 men
what does Carlen say about bias against women?
women jailed on courts assessment of women as wives, mothers
-likely to jail mums with children in care
what does walklate say about bias against women?
-in rape cases the victim is on trial and has to prove respectability to have evidenced accepted
what are gender patterns in criminals?
–3/4 convicted offenders male
-9% females and 32% males convicted by 40
-females higher property offences
-males physical/ sexual offences
what are the reasons for gender patterns of crime?
-female crime less likely to be reported
prostitution, shoplifting
- women less likely to be prosecuted
what are explanations for female criminality?
-functionalist sex-role theory
-Heidensohn patriarchal control
-carlen class/ gender deal
-liberation thesis
what is sex role theory?
-boys encouraged to be tough and violent
-Parsons- boys reject female role model of emotion, gentleness. engage in compensatory compulsory masculinity
-cohen- boys likely to engage in male street gangs
-New Right- lack of male in lone parent
what are criticisms of sex role theory?
walklate
biological assumptions
what is patriarchal control Heidensohn?
home- housework, childcare- restriction on time (may be forced by dv)
work- glass ceiling, whit collar crime
sexual harassment
what does Carlen mean by class/ gender deal?
-class- women working gain material rewards in return for social norms
-gender- material + emotional rewards by conforming to domestic role
what is evaluation of gender/ class deal?
-many patriarchal controls prevent women from deviating
-deterministic
what is liberation thesis Adler?
-if patriarchal society becomes equal so will gender crime rate
-opportunities in education and work equal
-female greater self confidence/ assertiveness
-1/7 to 1/6 female offences in late 20th century
-female crimes of robbery and embezzlement
Dunscombe- girl gangs, risk taking
criticisms of liberation thesis?
-female crime rate rose in 50s before female liberation
-most criminal females w/c aren’t likely to be affected by liberation
what is the criminalisation of females?
Schwartz- victim surveys and self report studies don’t reflect rise
- Steffensmeier- rise due to justice system widening the net
- young- defining deviance up
what is the moral panic about girls?
panic over young women’s behaviour
-Batchelor- depicted in media and drunk and disorderly
-sharpe- professionals influenced by media stereotypes of ladettes
what is gender victimisation?
-homicide victims
70% male female victims likely to know killer
60% a partner or ex
male killed by friend
- women victims of intimate violence
1/4 experience domestics abuse
what does Messerschmidt say about masculinity?
-social construct: accomplishment
-hegemonic masculinity- dominant, paid labour, heterosexism
-subordinate- gay, lower class
what does Messerschmidt say about rule breaking?
-white mc- accommodating in school subordinating outside
-white mc- oppositional in and out
- black lower mc- low expectation due to racism- gangs
what are criticisms of Messerschmidt?
-description of male offenders
-not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity
what does Wilnlow say about postmodernity, masculinity, crime?
- globalisation decline in traditional male jobs
- expansion of service sector- night time leisure criminal opportunities
- sunderland Bouncers- drugs violence masculinity
what is bodily capital in relation to male crime?
ability to use violence is a commodity to earn a living
- use bodily capital for mainstream reputation and employability
what % of the prison population are
.black
.asain
-13%
-8%
what are victim surveys?
CSEW
say what crimes they’ve been victims to
weakness of victim surveys?
-intra ethnic crime
-rely on memory
-Phillip and Bowling- white over identify criminals as black
-only personal crimes
-excluded under 10
what are self report surveys?
disclose dishonest and violent behaviour
what do self report studies show?
-=Graham and Bowling- white and black rates similar
-white and mixed ethnicity most likely to admit to crime
what are ethnic differences in the policing process?
-Phillips and Bowling- allegations of oppressive policing of EM groups.
-police racism- MacPherson/ Casey report, canteen culture
-ethnic differences in offending- low/ high (no info)discretion stop and searches
what are ethnic differences in the stop and search process?
-black 9x likely than whites 2020
-Terrorism Act 2000, can stop with no suspicion
-black 4x likely to have force used against them
what are ethnic differences in arrests and cautions?
-black + Asian less likely to receive caution
-black likely to exercise rights and deny offence (mistrust of police)
ethnic differences in convictions and sentencing?
-Hood- black 5% likely to receive custodial sentence 3 months longer than white
ethnic differences in prison process?
2021 over 1/4 prison population EM
ethnic differences in pre sentence reports?
-wrote by probation officers
-risk assessment to assist magistrates
-Hudson + Bramhall- allow for discrimination
what do left realists say is the reason for ethnic differences in crime?
Lea + Young- reflect real differences in crime
-relative deprivation, marginalisation
-racism led to social and economic exclusion
-media emphasis on delinquent subculture
criticisms of left realist theories for ethnic differences in crime?
-Lea + Young- all EM would be highly represented if due to racism
what does Gilroy say about ethnic differences in crime (neo-marxism)
-black criminality is a myth created by racist stereotype of African Caribbeans and Asians
-EM crime is a form of political resistance against racist society
criticism of Gilroy?
Lea + Young- first gen immigrants law abiding
-most crime intra ethnic
what does Hall (neo-marxist) say about ethnic differences in crime?
-1970s moral panic over black muggers in time of unemployment crisis
-black used as scapegoat to distract attention
what does Fitzgerald say about ethnic differences in criminality?
neighbourhood
-involvement of black youths in street crime
rates highest in poor areas, likely to live in deprivation due to discrimination in housing market.
what do Sharp and Budd say about ethnic differences in criminality?
-black run a greater risk of being caught and arrested
-more likely to commit crimes like robbery where a victim can identify them
what is racist victimisation?
-when an individual is selected as a target because of their race, ethnicity, religion
what are racially aggravated offences?
-offender is motivated by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group
what are responses to ethnicity and victimisation?
situational crime prevention- fireproof doors and letterboxes
-organised self defence campaigns
-MacPherson report
what is the risk of ethnic victimisation?
-Sampson + Phillips- ongoing overtime minor issues of abuse and violence mixed with harassment
-long term psychological issues
what is the global criminal economy?
Castells- worth over 1 tril per annum
-trafficking and smuggling
- demand and supply side
what is global risk consciousness?
new insecurities on a global level
-media moral panics
-increase immigration gives anxiety to western populations
what is the link between globalisation, capitalism and crime?
Taylor- created greater inequality
-manufacturing switched to low wage countries
-marketisation undermine social cohesion as seen as individual consumers
-criminal opportunities on grand scale
what are crimes of globalisation?
Rothe and Friedrichs- world bank influenced by major capitalist states
-impose pro capitalist policies
creates conditions for crime by cutting benefits for health and education
what are glocal organisations?
Hobbs + Dunningham
-international links but still rooted in local context
-network and opportunities
loose knit opportunistic crimes
what is the McMafia?
Glenny
-Russia deregulat all prices but oil and natural resources
-oligarchs bought resources and needed protection from McMafia
-brand carried into other towns and parts of world
what is green crime?
crime against the environment linked to globalisation
what are the types of green crime according to South
primary and secondary
what is primary green crime?
crimes result directly from destruction of earths resources
-air pollution
-deforestation
-species decline
-water pollution
what is secondary green crime?
grows from flouting rules made to prevent environmental disasters
-hazard waste
disposal from chemical and other industries highly profitable
what is state crime?
Green + Ward- illegal activities perpetrated by or with complicity of state
-scale of state crime
can inflict harm on huge scale
-state is source of law
what is an example of state crime?
Rwanda genocide-Belgians segregated Hutus and Tutsi
-Hutus rose to power
race hate against tutsi
what examples do Kramer and Michalowski give for state crime?
challenger space shuttle disaster
deepwater oil rig disaster
how are war crimes examples of state crimes?
Afghanistan and Iraq- justify invasion as self defence
-torture of prisoners Abu Ghraib
what are explanations for state crime?
crimes of obedience
modernity
culture of denial
what do Kelman and Hamilton say about crimes of obedience?
authorisation
routinisation
dehumanisation
what do Zygman and Bauman say about modernity as an explanation for state crime?
-division of labour
-Bureaucratisation
-instrumental rationality
-science and tech
How is the culture of denial an explanation for state crime?
Cohen- spiral of state denial
Sykes + Matza- techniques of neutralisation
denial of victim, injury, responsibility
what are definitions of state crime?
zemiology
labelling
international law
human rights
how does the media represent crime?
-overrepresents violent, sexual crimes- Ditton and Duffy 46% when actually 3
-Felson- dramatic fallacy
exaggerate police success and risk of victimisation
what is the change in the media coverage of crime?
-Johlesinger + Tumber
60s- murder, petty crime
now- drugs, terrorism, football hooliganism
what are the news values for crime according to Cohen and Young?
immediacy
dramatisation
personalisation
simplification
risk
what are fictional representations of crime?
Mandel- 20% of films are crime shows
-fictional cops ‘get their an’
fictional sex crimes committed by strangers not acquaintances
what is cultural criminology?
media turns crime into a commodity that people desire
-Hayward+Young
mediascape
blur between image and reality
how is the media a cause of crime?
cultural criminology
commodification of crime
fear of crime
relative deprivation
how has the media commodified crime?
-corporations use media images of crime to sell products in youth market
-gangster rap and hip hop
style to be consumed
how has the media caused a fear of crime?
unrealistic fear
-Gerbner- heavy amount of tv leads to increased fear of crime
how has the media made relative deprivation a cause of crime?
left realists- increase sense of relative deprivation
presents everyone with materialistic goods, leisure and fun
-Merton- lead to crime as legitimate opportunities blocked
what are moral panics?
Cohen- mods and rockers
-deviance amplification spiral
-occur in times of social change
how have cyber crimes led to moral panics?
-accused of undermining public morality and corrupting the young
-cyber trespass, pornography, violence, theft
