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Sociology > Families and Households > Flashcards

Families and Households Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Murdock (1949)

A

4 functions of the family:

  1. Sex
  2. Reproduction
  3. Socialisation
  4. Meeting economic needs
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2
Q

Parsons’ Functional Fit Theory (1955)

A

Industrialisation has seen a shift from Extended Family to Nuclear Family. Industrialisation created the need for families to be geographically mobile and socially mobile

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3
Q

Parsons’ Irreducible Functions of the Family (1955)

A

Primary Socialisation and the Stabilisation of adult personalities (SOAP)

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4
Q

Parsons: Biological Division of Labour (1955)

A

Segregated Roles: Instrumental Role taken on by male, Expressive Role taken on by Females

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5
Q

Expressive role

A

Role of the wife according to Parsons - geared towards the primary socialisation of children and meeting the family’s emotional needs

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6
Q

Instrumental role

A

The provider or breadwinner role which involves going out to work and earning money for the family - the traditional male role within the family.

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7
Q

Warm Bath Theory (Parsons)

A

Parsons’ claims that family life provides adults with emotional security and support, and a ‘release from the strains and stresses of everyday life’, just like the benefits of a warm relaxing bath.

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8
Q

Marxist view of family

A

The monogamous nuclear family comes from capitalism. It is the best way of guaranteeing that you are passing on your property to your son, because in a monogamous relationship you have a clear idea of who your own children are. Keeps the wealth in the family.

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9
Q

Zaretsky (1986)

A

The family provides ‘a cushion’ from the effects of ‘Alienating Work’. The family allows the worker to relax, refresh and unwind after a days work.

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10
Q

Unit of Consumption

A

The family consumes the products produced by the bourgeoisie (ruling class) to make profits for them.

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11
Q

Poulantis

A

The family is part of the ideological state apparatus used to control and create values to support capitalism. Children learn to conform and become cooperative and exploited workers.

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12
Q

The New Right View of the family

A

A traditional view of family life… they believe the stable, married, nuclear family is best for children and society.

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13
Q

Murray (1984)

A

Growth of welfare has led to the rise in lone parent families, due to it being a ‘perverse incentive’ and creates a ‘dependency culture’

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14
Q

Cashmore (1985)

A

Working class mothers with less earning power chose to live on welfare benefits without a partner, often due to history of abuse

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15
Q

Butler (2010)

A

Broken families are more likely to produce children who break the law, be unemployed and/or depend on benefits. This is because of a lack of positive male role-models.

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16
Q

Melanie Phillips (2011)

A

Argued that politicians had ceased to see the value of traditional families and had encouraged diversity as being preferable to tradition + state welfare policies encouraged girls to get pregnant (to access benefits and a council home).

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17
Q

Nanny state

A

A government that tries to give too much advice or make too many laws about how people should live their lives, taking responsibility for looking after the people

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18
Q

Smart (2011)

A

It could be that poverty is causing relationships to break up, not the other way around as the New Right suggest

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19
Q

Postmodernism

A

The view that social changes (such as globalisation and more consumerism) since the 1950s have resulted in a world in which individuals have much more choice and freedom than is suggested by Modernists social theories such as Functionalism, Marxism and Feminism.

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20
Q

Postmodern view on family

A

The nuclear family has long been in decline and that there is no ‘main type’ of family any more in postmodern society.

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21
Q

Zombie family

A

The family is the living dead. The family is dead in the respect that biological families are declining as families are less based on blood and more based on choice, but the family is alive because it is still a concept that is employed by sociologists and governments in policy and discussion.

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22
Q

Giddens (1992)

A

Choice & Equality: Couples can define their own relationships based upon romantic love due to the increase in contraception and independence for women

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23
Q

The pure relationship

A

A relationship that is held together by choice and love, not tradition or social norms.

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24
Q

Beck (1995)

A

Risk Society & the Negotiated Family: More risk placed upon relationships because of uncertainty and need for romantic love rather than financial arrangements

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25
Q

The individualisation thesis

A

The process where individuals have more freedom to make life-choices and shape their identities because of a weakening of traditional social structures, norms and values.

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26
Q

Life course analysis

A

focuses on the meanings people give to their life events and choices.

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27
Q

Hareven (1978)

A

Proposed the life cycle approach to studying families and life course analysis

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28
Q

Personal Life Perspective

A

A sociological perspective which believes we should understand family life from the perspective of the individuals who make up the family, focusing on the diverse ways in which different individuals within the family define and perceive their own experiences of family life.

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29
Q

Smart

A

Prioritised the bonds between people, the importance of memory and cultural heritage, the significance of emotions (both positive and negative), how family secrets work and change over time, and the underestimated importance of things such as shared possessions or homes in the maintenance and memory of relationships.

30
Q

Stacey (1998)

A

Divorce-Extended Family: Women are more likely to maintain relationships with ex-in-laws due to access to children - however divorced women are more likely to have fictive extended families to help support them

31
Q

Weeks (1999)

A

Growth in ‘Fictive families’ People are beginning to redefine what is meant by family and this can include friends, co-workers and even pets

32
Q

Fictive kin

A

Close friends who are treated as relatives, for example your mum’s best friend who you call your ‘auntie’

33
Q

The connectedness Thesis

A

Traditional structural inequalities still limit choices about relationships but we are not passive puppets and do make choices. Choices are made within our social contexts.

34
Q

Finch & Mason (1993)

A

Middle-class family members who took part in their survey felt a strong sense of duty and obligation to assist extended kin with practical, emotional and financial issues.

35
Q

Nordqvist and Smart (2014)

A

Donor-conceived children - Some parents emphasised the importance of social relationships over genetic ones in forming family bonds.

36
Q

Radical feminism

A

See the family as important in maintaining male power.

37
Q

Greer (2000) Radical feminist

A

The family continues to disadvantage women.

38
Q

liberal feminism

A

The increased choice for women and the rise of the dual-earner household (both partners in work) has helped create greater equality within relationships.

39
Q

Sommerville (2000) Liberal feminist

A

“The increased choice for women and the rise of the dual-earner household (both partners in work) has helped create greater equality within relationships.

40
Q

Marxist Feminist

A

Women reproduce the labour force, women absorb anger, women are a ‘reserve army of cheap labour’

41
Q

Fran Ansley (1972) Marxist Feminist

A

Women absorb the anger that would otherwise be directed at capitalism. Takers of shit

42
Q

Difference feminism

A

It should be remembered that many women do not live in nuclear families and have different experiences.

43
Q

political lesbianism

A

Getting rid of sexual politics by only having sex with other women regardless of sexuality, so that men cannot oppress women.

44
Q

Oakley

A

Rejects the ‘March of Progress’ view. Men do 15% of housework, 25% childcare and cherry pick best bits

45
Q

Hakim (1996)

A

Feminists underestimate women’s ability to make rational choices. She argues that women choose to give more commitment to family and children, and so have less commitment to work than men have.

46
Q

Cohabitation

A

Cohabitation is an unmarried couple that is in a sexual relationship and is living together

47
Q

Chester about cohabitation

A

He argues that is the process of getting married and supported evidence found is that 75% of cohabiting couples are expected to marry each other

48
Q

Same sex relationships increase reasons

A
  1. 2002 - Equal rights for adoption
  2. 2004 - civil partnership act
  3. More socially acceptable
49
Q

Weeks on chosen families (same sex)

A

Argues that there has been a increase in socially acceptance therefore may explain the trend towards this family type

50
Q

Why has there been an increase in One-person households?

A
  1. The increase in separation and divorce especially men under 65
  2. The trend towards marrying later
  3. Decline in people wanting to marry
51
Q

LAT family

A

Living Apart Together

52
Q

What did Duncan and Phillips find about LAT couples?

A

Found that 1 in 10 adults are living apart but together

53
Q

What has happened to Childbearing?

A

Women are having fewer children and the children that they do have they are having them later, some being born outside of marriage

54
Q

What are the reasons for the change in childbearing?

A

Have changed due to:

  1. Decline in stigma and an increase in cohabitation
  2. Women now have more options than just motherhood seeking opportunities for themselves rather than having children
55
Q

Why has there been an increase in Lone parent families?

A

This has risen due to:

  1. An increase in divorce and separation
  2. Decline in stigma of births outside of marriage
  3. Single by choice
56
Q

Why are Lone parent families most likely headed by a female?

A

Due to the widespread belief of:

  1. Women are better suited to an expressive role
  2. Divorce courts grant custody to the woman
  3. Men potentially less willing to give up work to care for the children than women
57
Q

What does Murray argue about Lone parent families?

A

Argues that this growth of lone parent families has created an over generous welfare state in terms of benefits for unmarried women - creating a ‘perverse incentive’ to reward irresponsible behaviour such as having a child without being able to provide for them increasing the ‘dependency culture’

58
Q

What evidence has been found to support the argument that the extended family still plays an important role?

A
  • The beanpole family ‘ long and thin’
  • More financial, domestic help and support
  • Maintain contact through phone calls etc
59
Q

What do functionalists think of family diversity?

A

Negative perspective - see the nuclear family as being the functional fit society needs whilst performing 2 irreducible functions relating back to parsons theory - soap and primary socialisation

60
Q

What do the New right think of family diversity?

A

Negative - agree with functionalists hold very traditional views of the family therefore oppose family diversity for example the bread winner and bread maker are essential

61
Q

What do the Rapoport’s say about family diversity?

A 
Say there are 5 types of family diversity:
Organisational diversity
Cultural diversity
social class diversity
life-stage diversity
generational diversity
62
Q

Childhood

A

Sociologists see childhood as being socially constructed as something created and defined by society, it is not fixed but differs between cultures and times

63
Q

Pilcher

A

Argues that the most important feature of childhood is separateness

64
Q

Aries

A

He studied medieval paintings and draw on the concept that childhood did not exist in medieval time periods, children behaving and acting like little adults therefore were not treated any differently than real adults

65
Q

Punch

A

Argued by Punch that children as young as 5 years old in Bolivia were expected to take on adult responsibility and help around the home

66
Q

Postman

A

Argues that childhood is disappearing due to a rise in TV culture and therefore children are able to social the same way in which adults can, being informed of the same problems in the world as adults such as the news, therefore argues an adultification of children is happening

67
Q

Palmer

A

Argues childhood has became Toxic due to the rapid changes in technological changes children now spend more time looking at a screen rather than looking at books etc

68
Q

Furedi

A

Argues childhood is blighted by paranoid parenting the media blaming all parents for their children misbehaviour therefore constantly worrying they’re doing something wrong in the teachings of their children - to prevent this from happening they wrap them in cotton wool too protected they cannot experience a childhood

69
Q

Jenks

A

Argues in postmodernity childhood is changing but not disappearing children are needed to be nurtured by a child-centred family, relationships with children become most stable and leads to strong protection of them

70
Q

Gittins

A

Argues the age patriarchy between children and adults leads to the oppression of children as well as women, therefore some children use strategies to resist their status - acting up and not behaving in a controllable way

Sociology (3 decks)

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