Crim

Question 1

Garland

Answer 1

Responsibilisation - pushes responsibility onto individuals to avoid becoming victims of crimes.

Question 2

Durkheim

Answer 2

Functionalist - crime is functional, 4 functions: warning device, safety valve, strengthens collective values, enables social change. Too much crime may be dysfunctional.

Question 3

Merton

Answer 3

Functionalist - strain theory, strain between goals of society and the institutional means of achieving them. People respond differently; conformists, innovators, ritualists, retreatists and rebels. Explains crime.

Question 4

AK Cohen

Answer 4

Subcultural functionalist - status frustration, cultural deprivation leads to educational failure and dead end jobs, adopt alternative norms and values and gain status by valuing criminal/deviant activities.

Question 5

Cloward & Ohlin

Answer 5

Subcultural functionalist - illegitimate opportunity structure, persons response to strain depends on how they grew up; criminal, conflict or retreatist.

Question 6

Miller

Answer 6

Subcultural functionalist - focal concerns, working class male subcultures cope with boring, repetitive work with unique focal concerns, smartness, toughness and excitement.

Question 7

Matza

Answer 7

Evaluate subcultural functionalism - believes theory is too deterministic, argues that everyone has subterranean values and sometimes expressed as crime and deviance. Techniques of neutralisation, justifies behaviour, and people drift in and out of crime.

Question 8

Chambliss

Answer 8

Traditional marxist - capitalism is criminogenic, produces consumer greed and relative deprivation and so crime is committed to be able to afford it.

Question 9

Gordon

Answer 9

Traditional marxist - crime is a rational response to capitalism, committed by all social classes, statistics only make it appear to be mostly working class.

Question 10

Pearce

Answer 10

Traditional marxist - health and safety laws appear to protect workers but actually benefit capitalists, ideological function.

Question 11

Snider

Answer 11

Traditional marxist - capitalists reluctant to pass any laws that may regulate bourgeois activities or threaten profitability.

Question 12

Box

Answer 12

Traditional marxist - white collar crime seen as less serious than working class due to ideology, big companies use undeveloped countries for unsafe work as profit is increased.

Question 13

Taylor

Answer 13

Neo marxist - to fully analyse crime a ‘fully social theory of deviance’ needs to be used; i.e. the wider origins of the act, the act itself, the social reactions.

Question 14

Hall

Answer 14

Policing the crisis - applied the neo marxist approach to the act of muggin in the 1970s, moral panic caused by media and stated that young black males were used as scapegoats to draw attention away from the crisis of capitalism.

Question 15

Brake

Answer 15

Subcultural marxist - magical resistance, working class youth subcultures express their disdain of capitalism through clothes and language etc. But this is ‘magical’ as it is an illusion, appears to solve problems but does no such thing, they will end up trapped like parents.

Question 16

Stan Cohen (marxist criticism)

Answer 16

Criticised subcultural marxism - writers are simply biased in their writing and wanted to prove that working class youth cultures were an attack on capitalism.

Question 17

Smart

Answer 17

Feminist - pointed out how women are seen as double deviants as they break the law and traditional gender roles.

Question 18

Becker

Answer 18

Labelling theorist - moral entrepreneurs impose definitions on society, selective law enforcement, master status and deviant career.

Question 19

Cicourel

Answer 19

Labelling theorist - justice is not fixed but negotiable, e.g. juvenile justice, police arrest based on stereotypes and stats are invalid

Question 20

Lemert

Answer 20

Labelling theorist - primary (not publicly labelled) and secondary (exposed) deviance. Studied Canadian inuits with speech impediments.

Question 21

Jock Young

Answer 21

Labelling theorist - deviancy amplification, increased police activity leads to the crime becoming worse, e.g. Hippies in 1970 London.

Question 22

Stan Cohen

Answer 22

Labelling theorist - moral panics complements deviancy amplification. Media exaggerate stories and build groups into folk devils i.e. mods and rockers in 60’s.

Question 23

McRobbie & Thornton

Answer 23

Argue Cohen’s idea of ‘moral panics’ are outdated as media are aware.

Question 24

Shaw & McKay

Answer 24

Environmentalist - Concentric zones, high crime rate in ‘zone of transition’, high levels of turnover, low informal social control, crime becomes socially acceptable.

Question 25

Sutherland & Cressey

Answer 25

Environmentalist - Criticised Shaw & McKay for being too vague and unprovable. Differential association - those that interact with law breakers more likely to commit crime themselves.

Question 26

Baldwin & Bottoms

Answer 26

Environmentalist - Housing policies - compared two estates closeby, argued the difference in crime rate due to ‘tipping’. No informal social, antisocial people join, affluent leave, increasing deviancy, estate has ‘tipped’.

Question 27

Skogan

Answer 27

Environmentalist - Social control breaks down when physical deterioration and increase in social disorder. Law abiding move out, people don’t go out at night increasing chances, undermines social control.

Question 28

Sampson

Answer 28

Environmentalist - Lack of collective efficacy - no community organisation in deprived areas, lack of integration and so more likely to commit crime.

Question 29

Clarke (cause)

Answer 29

Environmentalist - Opportunity theory, likelihood of an offence depends on target attractiveness (e.g. thieves prefer portable items) and accessibility (burglar alarms etc.)

Question 30

Cohen & Felson

Answer 30

Environmentalist - Routine activity theory, crimes most likely to occur when day to day lives of potential offenders cross with opportunities.

Question 31

Hobbs

Answer 31

Environmentalist - Nocturnal economy, 3/4 crimes occur during weekend between 9pm-3am, increase in clubs and bars has increased crime.

Question 32

Henry & Milovanovic

Answer 32

Postmodernist - crime not be seen as breaking laws but about social harm.

Question 33

Hirschi

Answer 33

Control theory - people do not commit crime due to relationships with others, but if become weak, might commit crime.

Question 34

Lea & Young

Answer 34

Left realism - 3 concepts why people turn to crime: relative deprivation, subculture, marginalisation.

Question 35

Clarke (solution)

Answer 35

Right realism - situational crime prevention reduces opportunity for crime and reduces it

Question 36

Taylor

Answer 36

Globalisation of crime - led to changes in pattern and extent of crime e.g. environmental, labour offences, financial offences

Question 37

South

Answer 37

Green crime - primary (legal) secondary (ilegal)