Families: 2. Demography

Question 1

Why have Birth & Fertility rates declined? (6)

Answer 1

• Decline in Infant Mortality rates
• Changing role of women
• Contraception
• Childhood becoming commercialised and expensive
• Materialism & Consumerism of modern society
• People staying younger for longer

Question 2

Why has there been a fall in death rates and rise in life expectancy across the 20th century? (6)

Answer 2

• Rising wages & Living standard: lifted many people out of poverty and improved living, particularly diet
• 19th c Public Health Policy: introduction of clean piping into homes prevented spread of infectious diseases.
• Provision of Social Housing: ventilation eradicated tuberculosis
• Maternity Care Improvements: maternity care services improved and women were assisted more after becoming mothers.
• Introduction of Welfare State: poorer sections of society provided with social and economic support.
• Creation of NHS (1948): introduced widespread vaccinations. Technology and surgery means people are more likely to survive life-threatening conditions. Access to prescriptions.

Question 3

Consequences of an Ageing Population (5)

Answer 3

• More extended families in the same household: common in British Asian families. Multi-generational
• More Beanpole families: less horizontal, more vertical
• Grandparenting (saving childcare costs): elderly can be a useful tool of free childcare
• Burden of care on women: Feminist view. Responsibility of care passed to women, forced out of workforce and leads to economic imbalance. Reinforces gender stereotypes
• Effect on ‘pivot’ generation: Have to care for both the elderly and young generations. Can be detrimental to their mental health.

Question 4

What is Globalisation?

Answer 4

Mass migration, communications and technological advances that mean we now live in a more globalised age. With cheap transport and easier to cross borders, migration is easier.

Question 5

Push factors influencing migrants to move (5)

Answer 5

• Fleeing persecution
• Torture
• Religious repression
• Refugee of war
• Poverty

Question 6

Pull factors influencing migrants to move

Answer 6

• More job opportunities
• Educational qualifications
• To join family or friends already living there

Question 7

Current immigration statistics in the UK (according to the 2011 census)

Answer 7

• 86% white in Wales & England, only 80% born here.
• Asian (Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indian) 6 .8%
• Black (African-caribbean & African) 3.4%
• Chinese 0.7%
• Arab 0.4%
• Other 0.6%
• 2.2% of people in England & Wales are mixed-race. Fastest growing ethnic group