Fallacies

Question 1

Argumentum ad baculum

Answer 1

Appealing to force in order to silence or threaten the opponent

Question 2

Ad hominem: direct attack/abusive

Answer 2

Directly insulting the opponent with an irrelevant comment regarding a personal quality or character (this is presented as if it is an evidence against the position)

Question 3

Ad hominem: indirect attack/circumstantial

Answer 3

Bringing irrelevant facts to distract form the truth

Question 4

Ad hominem: indirect attack/ poisoning the well

Answer 4

Before the debate starts, based on personal irrelevant qualities. The person is not there or not been able to make their case.

Question 5

Ad hominem: to quoque

Answer 5

Answering an attack with another attack in order to distract from the question. «But you’re the one that…»

Question 6

Ad misericodium

Answer 6

Appeal to emotions of pity rather than rationality

Question 7

Straw man

Answer 7

Oversimplifying the argument or pushing to the extreme the opponents thesis. Whenever the statement gives a totally unrelated proof

Ex: god must exist: so many people find happiness in religion

Question 8

Ad verecundiam: abuse of authority

Answer 8

Believing a statement by someone just because of their authority

Question 9

Plurium interrogationum

Answer 9

A question is asked that assumes something that hasn’t yet been proven.
The question already implicitly assumes an affirmative or negative answer to questions on which the validity of the first question depends

Question 10

Shifting the burden of proof

Answer 10

Rather than justifying ones thesis, forcing the other person to disprove the thesis or justify their own.
«Give me a reason why we shouldn’t»

Question 11

Petitio principii: circular reasoning

Answer 11

The conclusion is used as the argument.

Question 12

False anology

Answer 12

Weak anology between a and b in order to claim that a since A has property P,then B has also property p

Question 13

Hasty generalization

Answer 13

Conclusion is made based on a sample which is too small to represent the whole population
Ex: a book I read was bad, thus all books are bad

Question 14

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Answer 14

Just because A followed B does not mean A was caused by B

Succession does not imply causation

Question 15

Cum hoc ergo propter hoc

Answer 15

Just because two things are correlated does not mean they cause each other. Correlation does not imply causation

Question 16

Slippery slope

Answer 16

Arguing that there exists a casual chain of events. Mostly catastrophizing and no link

Question 17

Denying the antecedent

Answer 17

If A then B
Not A so not B

Ex: if i have the flu then I will have a sore throat. I don’t have the flu, therefore I will not have a sore throat

Not a sound argument because even though A did not happen, B still can

Question 18

Affirming the consequent

Answer 18

If A then B
If B then A happened

Ex: if i have the flu then I’ll have a sore throat. I have a sore throat therefore I have the flu

Question 19

Fallacy of composition

Answer 19

Assuming that if individual parts have a certain property, then the whole thing has that property

Ex: ingredients are delicious therefore the cake is going to be delicious

Question 20

Fallacy of division

Answer 20

If the whole has a property it doesn’t mean that it’s subparts had these properties

Question 21

Argumentum ad ignorantiam

Answer 21

Absence of evidence does not constitute evidence for its contrary

Ex: no one knows it’s true therefore it is false

Question 22

The Gambler’s fallacy

Answer 22

Probalistic error. Using the history of a certain event to predict a next event

Question 23

False dilemma/bifurcation fallacy

Answer 23

Assuming that there are only two possible options.

Ex: be my friend or be my enemy