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GRC courses > Fall Quarter 2024 > Flashcards

Fall Quarter 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

Simple figure-ground

A

figure is positive/active, while ground is negative/passive

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2
Q

Figure ground reversal

A

figure and ground have interchangeable roles

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3
Q

Figure ground ambiguity

A

figure and ground can’t be determined, making the image hard to decipher

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4
Q

Substrates

A

the base material on which another material is applied; the paper, cardstock, or other printable material to which ink, clear top coats, embossed designs, or similar enhancements are applied

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5
Q

Tsai Lun

A

inventor of paper

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6
Q

Johannes Gutenburg

A

created the moveable type printing in 1432

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7
Q

Alois Senefelder

A

invented lithography in 1796

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8
Q

Nicholas Robert

A

invented the continuous paper machine in 1798

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9
Q

Louis Daguerre

A

developed the first methods of photography in 1802

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10
Q

George Eastman

A

founded kodak, the creators of the first ever camera

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11
Q

Thumbnailing

A

involves quick, rough, sketching of concepts of design, often on paper

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12
Q

Rough

A

similar to thumbnailing, but more precise

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13
Q

Draw programs

A

used for graphics with solid shapes because they are scalable (like illustrator)

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14
Q

Paint programs

A

used for photographic/continuous tone images that can have a number of adjustments made to them (like photoshop)

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15
Q

Layout/publishing program

A

used to assemble graphics (like indesign)

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16
Q

Quarkxpress

A

transforms print designs into modern web-pages

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17
Q

point

A

location using x,y coordinates

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18
Q

line

A

element characterized by length/direction, a vectar

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19
Q

shape

A

a closed line defined by parimeter

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20
Q

texture

A

surface appearance of shape adds interest and realism

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21
Q

color

A

response of the eye to differing wavelengths of light defined by hue, saturation, and value

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22
Q

space

A

distance around/between design objects and elements

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23
Q

radical balance

A

elements radiating from the center of a layout

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24
Q

crystallographic balance

A

repeating elements of equal weight evenly throughout the layout

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25
Q

Live matter

A

elements of design positioned in a layout on a grid

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26
Q

overhead graphics

A

remain on most pages/for every issue

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27
Q

editorial graphics

A

pertain specifically to editorial content like stories and associated images

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28
Q

imposition

A

publications are often printed with multiple pages on one sheet of paper, results in “signatures” that get folded together

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29
Q

reader spread

A

the two sheets that a reader sees

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30
Q

printer spread

A

the adjoining pages that are printed together (16+1, 15+2, 14+3, etc)

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31
Q

margins

A

space between live matter and edge of page

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32
Q

gutters

A

spine, or space between columns

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33
Q

folio

A

has two pages on each side of each sheet (4 total)

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34
Q

recto

A

the first page a reader sees

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35
Q

verso

A

the back of the recto, or the second page a reader sees

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36
Q

headlines

A

display type of 14p or larger

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37
Q

subheads

A

sans serif typeface in the same typeface as the headline but in a smaller size

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38
Q

body text

A

ain reader matter, set at 14p or smaller, usually in serif

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39
Q

byline

A

set with author’s name

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40
Q

captions

A

describe images and illustrations

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41
Q

kickers

A

short phrases labels/paragraphs set above the headline

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42
Q

deck

A

a kicker that is instead below the headline

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43
Q

pull quotes

A

text taken from the body with embellished styling

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44
Q

sidebar

A

a short story relating to the main story in a different font

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45
Q

dropcap

A

first letter of a passage is larger

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46
Q

rules

A

lines that help seperate/organize content

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47
Q

end marks

A

graphical image that indicates the end of a story

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48
Q

caliper

A

paper thickness

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48
Q

bleed

A

ink runs beyond the parameter of at least one side of a printed sheet; a __ line requires printing on larger paper and trimming

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48
Q

Reverse/knock out

A

ink blends with paper and does not show image

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49
Q

trapping

A

the use of a knock out to ensure that ink colors don’t mix

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50
Q

screen printing

A

stretching fabric over wooden frames and painting through stencils

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51
Q

brightness

A

a measure ONLY on white paper, of how much light can be reflected off of it

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52
Q

Lignin

A

the natural adhesive that exists in the trees to hold the fibers together while the tree is still growing- will cause natural yellowing of paper

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52
Q

Softwood fiber

A

comes from coniferous trees, like fir, pine, and spruce, containing longer flexible fibers, wood has 60-80% pure fiber, creating high strength paper

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53
Q

Hardwood fiber

A

comes from deciduous trees (slower growing), like oak, birch, or maple, they have shorter fibers that are stiffer, wood contains 37% pure fiber (lower yield), good in bulk and opacity, but lower in strength

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53
Q

Pre-consumer fibers

A

secondary fibers, but they never made it out of the paper mill or printed, often below grade, old inventory, trim waste, or web broke

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53
Q

Post-consumer fibers

A

secondary fibers that include textbook, old newspaper, sorted white office paper, consumer packaging

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54
Q

Font point size refers to…

A

refers to highest ascender down to the lowest desender in a typeface, in reference to cast metal movable type

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55
Q

Tech enthusiasts (innovators)

A

the first to try new products when they are in their very early stages; this is the highest-risk time period for a product because they are brand new

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56
Q

Early adopters

A

the first real consumers and users of the product, who advocate for the quality of the product later

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57
Q

Conservative (late majority)

A

want to wait until widespread proven results have come out about the product, until most people they know own it

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58
Q

Pragmatics (early majority)

A

people who are interested in new tech, but don’t want to purchase until there is proof of a quality project

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59
Q

Skeptics (laggard phase)

A

purchase it out of complete necessity; they do not want new technology and would rather not purchase the product; by this point the company has likely shifted to another innovation

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60
Q

hue

A

the color itself

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61
Q

saturation

A

intensity of color

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61
Q

value

A

how bright the color is

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62
Q

primary colors

A

blue, yellow, red; cannot be made from other colors

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63
Q

secondary colors

A

made from combining primary colors

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64
Q

tertiary colors

A

made from combining combinations of primary and secondary colors

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65
Q

analogous colors

A

colors made of colors next to each other on the color wheel

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66
Q

complimentary colors

A

across from each other on the color wheel

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67
Q

traid colors

A

every other color on the color

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68
Q

ideogram

A

graphic symbols that represent an idea; ex. Chinese calligraphy or logos

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69
Q

Phonograms

A

graphic characters or symbols that represent a spoken sound, or a combination of letters that represent a sound; our alphabet is composed of phonograms

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70
Q

Color gamuts

A

the range of colors that a device can present

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71
Q

bit

A

a switch which is either on of off (1 or 0)

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72
Q

binary code

A

consists of bits

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73
Q

resolution

A

size of the grid of pixels on a computer screen

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74
Q

Leading

A

Adjusts the space between lines of text

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74
Q

1 pixel has __ bits

A

8 (1 byte)

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75
Q

Kerning

A

Adjusts the space between two specific characters

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76
Q

Tracking

A

Adjusts the space between all characters in a word or line of text

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77
Q

fourdrinier

A

paper making machine

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78
Q

Screening

A

checking the size/shape/quality of the chips

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79
Q

Mechanical Pulp

A

force logs against revolving stone
creates a lot of heat, so sometimes coolants are sprayed on top.
Low cost, with high yield 90-96%, contains lignin, damages and shortens fibers, making them low strength, but improves paper formation

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80
Q

lignen

A

glue that holds fibers together in wood, causes paper to yellow over time

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81
Q

Chemical Pulp (acidic)

A

acidic chemicals break down the fiber bond in wood chips, removes the lignin
higher strength paper than mechanical pulp, lower yield of 40-60%
sulfite attacks fibers to dissolve lignin, though this does not work well with some softwoods and creates pollution because the water used in this process cannot be recycled

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82
Q

Thermo-Mechanical Pulp

A

Mechanical pulping, along with high temperature and pressure are used to break down the bond of fibers in groundwood
This process softens the lignin and removes some of it, but most of it (90-96%) remains
Fibers are in better shape than SGW

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83
Q

Kraft Pulp

A

Chemical pulping, using sulfate instead of sulfite
Uses an alkaline (basic rather than acidic) process to digest wood, without attacking fibers (allowing for higher fiber strength)
Fibers are usually brown after this process, unless bleaching occurs
Chemicals can be recovered easier after this process, allowing for the water to be reused (more cost effective and environmentally sound)

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84
Q

Chemical-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP)

A

Wood chips are pre-treated, which is less vigorous than chemical pulping
Makes fibers easier to refine, but does not remove the lignin
After chemical treatment, pulp is passed to mechanical pulping
Yield about 80-85%
Middle ground between mechanical pulp and chemical pulp process

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85
Q

Fiber strength ranking (highest to lowest + fiber yield ranking (lowest to highest)

A

chemical, chemical thermal mechanical, thermal mechanical, mechanical

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86
Q

Refining

A

completely separates fibers to be rearranged in the paper making process, and flattens and creates fibrils in individual fibers: increasing density and strength, and decreasing opacity and porosity

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86
Q

Bleaching

A

improves pulp whiteness

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87
Q

Fibrils

A

mini fibers that run along larger fibers like tree branches, which makes binding across fibers easier

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88
Q

Unrefined fibers

A

stiffer, smoother, and poor at binding, whereas refined fibers are more loose, fibrillated, and strong at binding

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89
Q

varnish

A

high gloss print

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90
Q

fillers

A

include clay, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide; they increase opacity, smoothness, and ink hold-out, while reducing porosity, partially replace the fibers, which reduces the cost of production, can impair paper strength if overloaded

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91
Q

Sizing agents

A

improve liquid resistance of paper products, allowing paper to hold ink on its surface without being absorbed

92
Q

Acid sizing

A

made of rosin and alum, called “acid paper”, Increases water resistance
Low durability, rapid aging, yellowing and deteriorating

93
Q

Alkaline sizing

A

done with synthetic polymer, called “alkaline paper” or “acid-free paper”
“Permanent paper” because it will not age poorly

94
Q

fiber concentration in headbox

A

1%

94
Q

OBA

A

(Optical Brightening Agent) intended to make paper brighten (cooler toned) under UV light, used in textile and detergent

95
Q

screening

A

pushing pulp through mesh or a fast spinner, in order to remove certain sizes of fibers

96
Q

Fiber flock

A

another term for fiber entanglement/clumping

97
Q

headbox functions

A

distributes fibers onto the wire uniformly, creates controlled turbulence to reduce fiber floccing, controls the speed of the ejection

98
Q

wire section

A

has suction boxes beneath to remove water by vacuum

99
Q

Dandy roll

A

makes watermarks while the paper is still wet; alters thickness and opacity of fiber layer (NOT PRINTED, ENGRAVED)

100
Q

wire section predetermines

A

opacity, grain direction, texture

101
Q

Couch roll

A

removes water by vacuum suction and transfers wet sheet from wire section to press section

102
Q

Press Section

A

Further dewatering and promoting fiber bonding, paper mat (wet web) is guided by felt cloth, Felt dryer removes water at the np, Uses pressure to remove water
Increases fiber bonding

103
Q

Dryer Section

A

Uses heat to evaporate water, Longest part of the paper machine
Paper travels through heated rolls on felt dryers, Most energy intensive section of paper machine

104
Q

Calendering

A

Paper web travels through rollers, applying compression
Increases smoothness and gloss
Decreases porosity (absorbent), thickness, and opacity

105
Q

Coating materials

A

calcium carbonate, clay, titanium dioxide, Coatings come in different levels of whiteness, and the whiter they are, the more expensive they are

106
Q

c1s

A

coated on one side

107
Q

c2s

A

coated on both sides

108
Q

Coating

A

improves print quality by giving it better ink hold-out and less strike through, will have crisper edges on ink, with less texture, and darker ink

109
Q

less strike through

A

prints show through from the backside

110
Q

Ink hold out

A

allows the paper to hold ink better on its surface, rather than the paper absorbing the ink

111
Q

Gloss levels (most to least)

A

cast coated, gloss coated, matte coated, dull coated

112
Q

Embossing

A

provides texture using two rollers in a pair, provides more surface area, which allows for more absorbency on paper products like paper towels

113
Q

MD

A

machine direction- fibers run parallel to motion of paper ejection

114
Q

CD

A

perpendicular to MD

115
Q

Relief printing

A

for commercial printing/specialty printing (like embossing, die-cutting, scoring, foil stamping, etc), printing from a raised or relief ink surface. Gutenburg’s printing, linotype machine, flexography

115
Q

long grain

A

fibers run parallel to long side

116
Q

short grain

A

fibers run parallel to short side

117
Q

linotype machine

A

casts lines of type (slugs) in a chace to be inked

118
Q

flexography

A

uses nylan/plastic cylinders with raised images to print

119
Q

Lithography

A

For publication/commercial printing. printing from a flat surface in which the image has been created based on the theory that water and oil do not mix. Modern presses are made with metal instead of limstone

120
Q

Offset printing

A

press contains three cylinders, one holds the metal plate with water and ink, one has a rubber blanket, and one holds the paper. The image is transferred from one roller to the next

121
Q

lithography process

A

grease pencil on limestone -> apply water -> apply ink -> press paper

122
Q

Intaglio printing

A

for high volume and quality color printing (money, stamps, catalogs). Printing from a recessed or sunken image area

123
Q

etching

A

wax is applied to metal plates -> etching needle scrapes of wax to create image -> acid is applied -> ink applied -> paper

124
Q

gravure

A

image is half-toned (dots) and etched into a cylinder with varying levels od depth for value

125
Q

screen printing

A

for fabric, fine art, billboards etc. Identifiable by thick layer of ink, opaque coloring, unique substrates. Forcing ink through an open image area supported by a screen, squeegee spreads ink across stencil

126
Q

pressureless

A

package number and IDS. Small dots can be seen through magnifying glass. Non-contact printing of droplets of dye controlled by a computor

127
Q

electrostatic imaging

A

image placed into xerox machine - > paper travels through corona which electrically charges the paper - > light scans OG image and strikes paper, uncharging it in some areas -> toner that is attracted to certain charges is applied to paper

128
Q

lossy files

A

files that have been compressed to remove background info (lossless have not)

129
Q

x-height

A

height of letters minus ascenders and descenders

130
Q

baseline

A

line that is written on, above descenders

131
Q

12 points = _ picas

A

1

132
Q

6 picas = _ inches

A

1

133
Q

72 points = _ inch

A

1

134
Q

leading

A

space in between lines of type

135
Q

line length

A

longest line in a sample (in picas)

136
Q

measurement of horizontal space

A

picas

137
Q

measurement of vertical space

A

points

138
Q

justified type

A

the fugly kind newspapers use to fill the same amount of space in every line

139
Q

asymmetrical type

A

random placement of lines/spacing

140
Q

runaround

A

text wrap

141
Q

tracking

A

combo of letter spacing and word spacing

142
Q

kerning

A

small adjustments between individual letters

143
Q

leading

A

spacing in between lines of type (verticle)

144
Q

widow

A

last line of writing is alone on top of next page

145
Q

river

A

pattern of white space within paragraph caused by justified type in too narrow of a column, or bad luck

145
Q

orphan

A

first line of writing is at the bottom of previous page

146
Q

die cut

A

sharp metal rule set into a block of wood w sponges surrounding it, cut the paper like a cookie cutter

147
Q

embossing

A

creates a raised image by passing between two dies, one is in relief, while the other is recessed

148
Q

Vehicles

A

the fluids that carries the pigment that causes it to adhere to the substrate; oil, water, alcohol are all used for different types of printing

149
Q

Additives

A

compounds that control ink characteristics such as tack, workability, and drying quality
(Reducers, driers, binding varnish, waxes, anti-skinning agents, and cornstarch)

150
Q

tack

A

stickiness of ink

151
Q

Viscosity

A

the thickness of ink, reducers thin the ink (heavy for offset and letterpress inks, fluid and light for flexographic and gravure inks)

152
Q

Picking

A

describes when tack is too high compared to surface strength of the substrate; will pick off parts of the paper

153
Q

Toners

A

consist of very small colored dry powder particles which are transferred to the paper using an electrical charge

154
Q

counter

A

Hole in some letters

155
Q

Wire-side

A

less fillers and fines, less smooth; causes “feathering” of ink- prefered for offset printing

156
Q

Felt-sde

A

fines and fillers retained, smoother surface; preferred for printing (not offset)

157
Q

To reduce-two sidedness…

A

twin wire fourdrinier machine is used, so that two sides have the same surface property

158
Q

gloss

A

ideal for photo-heavy printing, caused by coating and calendering, visible via incident light angles

159
Q

Brightness

A

Intensity of light reflection of blue light (different from the term “whiteness,” because blue light is only a small portion of the spectrum of natural white light) increased by OBA, bleaching, coating. ALWAYS more ideal

160
Q

Stiffness

A

Ability to hold itself without bending towards gravity; Refining and thickness increases stiffness, while filler and RH decreases stiffness;
MD:CD = 2:1; paper on MD has about twice the stiffness as CD does

160
Q

Bursting Strength

A

Papers resistance to rupturing,
Increased by refining, decreased by filler and RH

160
Q

Folding Strength

A

Withstand being folded and unfolded before breaking; Refining and fiber length increase, Coating and RH decreases folding strength
Lower in MD (easier to fold along the MD), creates smooth creasing lines with less cracking
Higher in CD, creates more cracks, flaps tend to pop open - endures more folding before breaking

160
Q

Tearing Strength

A

The resistance of tearing after an initial cut; Refining decreases tearing strength in the end, though it initially increases it, Filler content and RH negatively impact tearing strength
CD is stronger against tearing- will create curved tear towards MD

160
Q

Tensile Strength

A

The force to snap a 1-inch strip,
Refining and pressing increases strength, filler and RH decreases strength, Higher in MD, lower in CD

161
Q

Surface Strength

A

Resistance of rupturing on the surface of the sheet of paper;
Refining increases surface strength, while fillers decrease surface strength

161
Q

Porosity

A

The ability to allow gas or liquid to go through; highly porous papers have large gaps between fibers
Refining, sizing, coating/filler, and calendering decrease porosity
(lower porosity is desirable for printing); Porosity assists with sheet fed suction (less porosity allows for easier movement in paper machine)

161
Q

Caliper

A

The thickness of paper

162
Q

Label paper

A

pressure sensitive or adhesive label with silicone coated backing sheet and top layer coated with adhesive

163
Q

synthetic paper

A

polypropylene and polystyrene- higher tearing resistance and durability. High opacity, no grain direction, low absorbancy

163
Q

varnish

A

any finish, including glitter and gloss, matte, UV coating, and spot varnish

164
Q

paperboard

A

caliper is 12pt or higher

165
Q

corrugated board

A

paperboard that comes with at least one flat layer of high strength kraft paper (comes in single face, single wall, and double wall)

166
Q

laminates

A

combinations of paper, adhesives, plastic, coatings, aluminum, and metaled film to act as barrier properties

167
Q

thermoforming

A

plastic sheet is heated to a pliable forming temperature and formed to a specific shape in a mold

168
Q

blister

A

thermoformed plastic with paperboard or foil bakcing

169
Q

clamshell

A

thermoformed one piece plastic that folds onto itself

170
Q

shrink sleeve/wrap

A

plastic shrink to wrap the product

171
Q

3 piece can

A

flat top, bottom, and body with side seam

172
Q

2 piece can

A

stretched by one piece, no side seam (like soda)

173
Q

pigments

A

insoluble in water or organic solvents, more durable. Better lightfastness

174
Q

lightfastness

A

fading resistance

175
Q

organic color pigments

A

high price, produced via complex carbon containing chemistry

176
Q

inorganic color pigments

A

inexpensive, good opacity

177
Q

gold inks bade from

A

bronze powder

178
Q

silver inks made from

A

aluminum

179
Q

most used pigment color

A

black

180
Q

dyes

A

soluble in water, preferred for inkjet (no clog), present brilliant color because of perfect light reflection

181
Q

vehicles

A

fluid portion of ink, carrier of pigments. functions: wets/disperses pigment, provides printability, binds pigments on substrates

182
Q

rheology

A

thickness and flow of liquids

183
Q

oil based inks used in… printing

A

offset or screen

184
Q

non drying oils

A

balance total drying time in oil based inks. mineral oils that dry by oxidation

185
Q

ink resins/binders

A

chemicals that bond the pigments to the substrates

186
Q

ink with least VOCs

A

water-based

186
Q

ink solvents

A

dissolve resin, provide a means of drying for liquid inks

187
Q

ink with most vios

A

solvent based

188
Q

plasticizer

A

increases gloss of printed ink film, improves adhesion print on non-porous substrates, and improves flexibility cracks on t-shirts

189
Q

porous substrates are always … based

A

fiber

190
Q

nonporous substrates are always … based

A

plastic or foil

191
Q

foils and plastics rely on ink __, because they cannot absorb inks

A

adhesion

192
Q

purpose of wax in ink

A

improves rub resistance and reduces gloss

193
Q

energy cured inks

A

only dries under exposure to UV and EB, dries instantly

194
Q

thermal-chromic ink

A

color change on temperature change

195
Q

functional inks

A

inks with different electrical properties, like conductivity, semi-conductivity, and dielectricity

196
Q

toners for electrophotography

A

laser printer, toner printer, or copier. thermoplastic powders melt or soften under heat

197
Q

dry toner ____ microns

A

3-20

198
Q

liquid toner ___ microns

A

3-5

199
Q

patent tech for liquid toner

A

HP indigo

200
Q

patent for dry toner

A

HP, Epson, KM, Ricoh

201
Q

liquid/dry toner performs better

A

liquid, because the particles are smaller on average

202
Q

continuous inkjet

A

can be printed on both porous and non-porous substrates

203
Q

variable data printing

A

for direct mail, barcodes, dates, address labels

204
Q

latex inks

A

water based, dry by heat, instant drying, durable

205
Q

runnability

A

how often paper curls and paper jam occurs

206
Q

high viscosity inks

A

offset, screen

207
Q

fluid inks

A

flexo, gravure, inkjet

208
Q

ink opacity

A

hiding or cover power. Tested by covering black stripe with ink

209
Q

color strength

A

measures how pigmented the ink is. finer the particles, the higher the color strength

209
Q

trapping

A

printing colors so that they overlap and bleed lsightly into one another, in order to avoid paperwhite showing when registration is off

210
Q

reverse trapping

A

using a white layer underneath an overprinted color layer on a nonwhite substrate

211
Q

working properties of ink

A

measure how well ink lies on press and transfers onto substrates

212
Q

pigment dispersion is tested by

A

grind gauge, which has a scraper and a channel with a sloping change in depth

213
Q

all inks are dried by __, ___. or __

A

absorption, evaporation, oxidation

213
Q

viscosity is measured by

A

flow cups

214
Q

shear thinning/pseudoplasticity

A

paste ink loses viscosity when stirred or agitated

215
Q

ink length

A

ability of ink to be stretched into a thread before snapping

216
Q

short ink

A

screen, butter like

217
Q

long ink

A

offset, honey like

218
Q

Flexible packaging

A

refers to any package, or part of a package, that can readily change shape

219
Q

Dimensional stability

A

stretch under web tension, misregistration for printing

220
Q

Thermo stability

A

doesn’t cope well with heat- avoid heat-set ink, laser printing

221
Q

Surface energy

A

the energy it takes place to form a spherical surface in dynes/cm, impacted by temperature, chemical bonds of the material

222
Q

“Rule of thumb”for the ink to wet the substrate

A

its surface tension must be 10 dynes/cm lower than the surface energy of the substrate

223
Q

Corona treatment

A

a high voltage electrical discharge to shoot electrical ions onto plastic surface, which reacts with the surface to increase the surface energy and create better adhesion (not permanent)

224
Q

Reverse printing

A

protects prints on flexible materials by printing on the backside of the substrate, so that contact with the outside surface does not influence quality of the print

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