Fall Quarter 2024 Flashcards
1
Q
Simple figure-ground
A
figure is positive/active, while ground is negative/passive
2
Q
Figure ground reversal
A
figure and ground have interchangeable roles
3
Q
Figure ground ambiguity
A
figure and ground can’t be determined, making the image hard to decipher
4
Q
Substrates
A
the base material on which another material is applied; the paper, cardstock, or other printable material to which ink, clear top coats, embossed designs, or similar enhancements are applied
5
Q
Tsai Lun
A
inventor of paper
6
Q
Johannes Gutenburg
A
created the moveable type printing in 1432
7
Q
Alois Senefelder
A
invented lithography in 1796
8
Q
Nicholas Robert
A
invented the continuous paper machine in 1798
9
Q
Louis Daguerre
A
developed the first methods of photography in 1802
10
Q
George Eastman
A
founded kodak, the creators of the first ever camera
11
Q
Thumbnailing
A
involves quick, rough, sketching of concepts of design, often on paper
12
Q
Rough
A
similar to thumbnailing, but more precise
13
Q
Draw programs
A
used for graphics with solid shapes because they are scalable (like illustrator)
14
Q
Paint programs
A
used for photographic/continuous tone images that can have a number of adjustments made to them (like photoshop)
15
Q
Layout/publishing program
A
used to assemble graphics (like indesign)
16
Q
Quarkxpress
A
transforms print designs into modern web-pages
17
Q
point
A
location using x,y coordinates
18
Q
line
A
element characterized by length/direction, a vectar
19
Q
shape
A
a closed line defined by parimeter
20
Q
texture
A
surface appearance of shape adds interest and realism
21
Q
color
A
response of the eye to differing wavelengths of light defined by hue, saturation, and value
22
Q
space
A
distance around/between design objects and elements
23
Q
radical balance
A
elements radiating from the center of a layout
24
Q
crystallographic balance
A
repeating elements of equal weight evenly throughout the layout
25
Live matter
elements of design positioned in a layout on a grid
26
overhead graphics
remain on most pages/for every issue
27
editorial graphics
pertain specifically to editorial content like stories and associated images
28
imposition
publications are often printed with multiple pages on one sheet of paper, results in "signatures" that get folded together
29
reader spread
the two sheets that a reader sees
30
printer spread
the adjoining pages that are printed together (16+1, 15+2, 14+3, etc)
31
margins
space between live matter and edge of page
32
gutters
spine, or space between columns
33
folio
has two pages on each side of each sheet (4 total)
34
recto
the first page a reader sees
35
verso
the back of the recto, or the second page a reader sees
36
headlines
display type of 14p or larger
37
subheads
sans serif typeface in the same typeface as the headline but in a smaller size
38
body text
ain reader matter, set at 14p or smaller, usually in serif
39
byline
set with author's name
40
captions
describe images and illustrations
41
kickers
short phrases labels/paragraphs set above the headline
42
deck
a kicker that is instead below the headline
43
pull quotes
text taken from the body with embellished styling
44
sidebar
a short story relating to the main story in a different font
45
dropcap
first letter of a passage is larger
46
rules
lines that help seperate/organize content
47
end marks
graphical image that indicates the end of a story
48
caliper
paper thickness
48
bleed
ink runs beyond the parameter of at least one side of a printed sheet; a __ line requires printing on larger paper and trimming
48
Reverse/knock out
ink blends with paper and does not show image
49
trapping
the use of a knock out to ensure that ink colors don't mix
50
screen printing
stretching fabric over wooden frames and painting through stencils
51
brightness
a measure ONLY on white paper, of how much light can be reflected off of it
52
Lignin
the natural adhesive that exists in the trees to hold the fibers together while the tree is still growing- will cause natural yellowing of paper
52
Softwood fiber
comes from coniferous trees, like fir, pine, and spruce, containing longer flexible fibers, wood has 60-80% pure fiber, creating high strength paper
53
Hardwood fiber
comes from deciduous trees (slower growing), like oak, birch, or maple, they have shorter fibers that are stiffer, wood contains 37% pure fiber (lower yield), good in bulk and opacity, but lower in strength
53
Pre-consumer fibers
secondary fibers, but they never made it out of the paper mill or printed, often below grade, old inventory, trim waste, or web broke
53
Post-consumer fibers
secondary fibers that include textbook, old newspaper, sorted white office paper, consumer packaging
54
Font point size refers to...
refers to highest ascender down to the lowest desender in a typeface, in reference to cast metal movable type
55
Tech enthusiasts (innovators)
the first to try new products when they are in their very early stages; this is the highest-risk time period for a product because they are brand new
56
Early adopters
the first real consumers and users of the product, who advocate for the quality of the product later
57
Conservative (late majority)
want to wait until widespread proven results have come out about the product, until most people they know own it
58
Pragmatics (early majority)
people who are interested in new tech, but don’t want to purchase until there is proof of a quality project
59
Skeptics (laggard phase)
purchase it out of complete necessity; they do not want new technology and would rather not purchase the product; by this point the company has likely shifted to another innovation
60
hue
the color itself
61
saturation
intensity of color
61
value
how bright the color is
62
primary colors
blue, yellow, red; cannot be made from other colors
63
secondary colors
made from combining primary colors
64
tertiary colors
made from combining combinations of primary and secondary colors
65
analogous colors
colors made of colors next to each other on the color wheel
66
complimentary colors
across from each other on the color wheel
67
traid colors
every other color on the color
68
ideogram
graphic symbols that represent an idea; ex. Chinese calligraphy or logos
69
Phonograms
graphic characters or symbols that represent a spoken sound, or a combination of letters that represent a sound; our alphabet is composed of phonograms
70
Color gamuts
the range of colors that a device can present
71
bit
a switch which is either on of off (1 or 0)
72
binary code
consists of bits
73
resolution
size of the grid of pixels on a computer screen
74
Leading
Adjusts the space between lines of text
74
1 pixel has __ bits
8 (1 byte)
75
Kerning
Adjusts the space between two specific characters
76
Tracking
Adjusts the space between all characters in a word or line of text
77
fourdrinier
paper making machine
78
Screening
checking the size/shape/quality of the chips
79
Mechanical Pulp
force logs against revolving stone
creates a lot of heat, so sometimes coolants are sprayed on top.
Low cost, with high yield 90-96%, contains lignin, damages and shortens fibers, making them low strength, but improves paper formation
80
lignen
glue that holds fibers together in wood, causes paper to yellow over time
81
Chemical Pulp (acidic)
acidic chemicals break down the fiber bond in wood chips, removes the lignin
higher strength paper than mechanical pulp, lower yield of 40-60%
sulfite attacks fibers to dissolve lignin, though this does not work well with some softwoods and creates pollution because the water used in this process cannot be recycled
82
Thermo-Mechanical Pulp
Mechanical pulping, along with high temperature and pressure are used to break down the bond of fibers in groundwood
This process softens the lignin and removes some of it, but most of it (90-96%) remains
Fibers are in better shape than SGW
83
Kraft Pulp
Chemical pulping, using sulfate instead of sulfite
Uses an alkaline (basic rather than acidic) process to digest wood, without attacking fibers (allowing for higher fiber strength)
Fibers are usually brown after this process, unless bleaching occurs
Chemicals can be recovered easier after this process, allowing for the water to be reused (more cost effective and environmentally sound)
84
Chemical-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP)
Wood chips are pre-treated, which is less vigorous than chemical pulping
Makes fibers easier to refine, but does not remove the lignin
After chemical treatment, pulp is passed to mechanical pulping
Yield about 80-85%
Middle ground between mechanical pulp and chemical pulp process
85
Fiber strength ranking (highest to lowest + fiber yield ranking (lowest to highest)
chemical, chemical thermal mechanical, thermal mechanical, mechanical
86
Refining
completely separates fibers to be rearranged in the paper making process, and flattens and creates fibrils in individual fibers: increasing density and strength, and decreasing opacity and porosity
86
Bleaching
improves pulp whiteness
87
Fibrils
mini fibers that run along larger fibers like tree branches, which makes binding across fibers easier
88
Unrefined fibers
stiffer, smoother, and poor at binding, whereas refined fibers are more loose, fibrillated, and strong at binding
89
varnish
high gloss print
90
fillers
include clay, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide; they increase opacity, smoothness, and ink hold-out, while reducing porosity, partially replace the fibers, which reduces the cost of production, can impair paper strength if overloaded
91
Sizing agents
improve liquid resistance of paper products, allowing paper to hold ink on its surface without being absorbed
92
Acid sizing
made of rosin and alum, called “acid paper”, Increases water resistance
Low durability, rapid aging, yellowing and deteriorating
93
Alkaline sizing
done with synthetic polymer, called “alkaline paper” or “acid-free paper”
“Permanent paper” because it will not age poorly
94
fiber concentration in headbox
1%
94
OBA
(Optical Brightening Agent) intended to make paper brighten (cooler toned) under UV light, used in textile and detergent
95
screening
pushing pulp through mesh or a fast spinner, in order to remove certain sizes of fibers
96
Fiber flock
another term for fiber entanglement/clumping
97
headbox functions
distributes fibers onto the wire uniformly, creates controlled turbulence to reduce fiber floccing, controls the speed of the ejection
98
wire section
has suction boxes beneath to remove water by vacuum
99
Dandy roll
makes watermarks while the paper is still wet; alters thickness and opacity of fiber layer (NOT PRINTED, ENGRAVED)
100
wire section predetermines
opacity, grain direction, texture
101
Couch roll
removes water by vacuum suction and transfers wet sheet from wire section to press section
102
Press Section
Further dewatering and promoting fiber bonding, paper mat (wet web) is guided by felt cloth, Felt dryer removes water at the np, Uses pressure to remove water
Increases fiber bonding
103
Dryer Section
Uses heat to evaporate water, Longest part of the paper machine
Paper travels through heated rolls on felt dryers, Most energy intensive section of paper machine
104
Calendering
Paper web travels through rollers, applying compression
Increases smoothness and gloss
Decreases porosity (absorbent), thickness, and opacity
105
Coating materials
calcium carbonate, clay, titanium dioxide, Coatings come in different levels of whiteness, and the whiter they are, the more expensive they are
106
c1s
coated on one side
107
c2s
coated on both sides
108
Coating
improves print quality by giving it better ink hold-out and less strike through, will have crisper edges on ink, with less texture, and darker ink
109
less strike through
prints show through from the backside
110
Ink hold out
allows the paper to hold ink better on its surface, rather than the paper absorbing the ink
111
Gloss levels (most to least)
cast coated, gloss coated, matte coated, dull coated
112
Embossing
provides texture using two rollers in a pair, provides more surface area, which allows for more absorbency on paper products like paper towels
113
MD
machine direction- fibers run parallel to motion of paper ejection
114
CD
perpendicular to MD
115
Relief printing
for commercial printing/specialty printing (like embossing, die-cutting, scoring, foil stamping, etc), printing from a raised or relief ink surface. Gutenburg's printing, linotype machine, flexography
115
long grain
fibers run parallel to long side
116
short grain
fibers run parallel to short side
117
linotype machine
casts lines of type (slugs) in a chace to be inked
118
flexography
uses nylan/plastic cylinders with raised images to print
119
Lithography
For publication/commercial printing. printing from a flat surface in which the image has been created based on the theory that water and oil do not mix. Modern presses are made with metal instead of limstone
120
Offset printing
press contains three cylinders, one holds the metal plate with water and ink, one has a rubber blanket, and one holds the paper. The image is transferred from one roller to the next
121
lithography process
grease pencil on limestone -> apply water -> apply ink -> press paper
122
Intaglio printing
for high volume and quality color printing (money, stamps, catalogs). Printing from a recessed or sunken image area
123
etching
wax is applied to metal plates -> etching needle scrapes of wax to create image -> acid is applied -> ink applied -> paper
124
gravure
image is half-toned (dots) and etched into a cylinder with varying levels od depth for value
125
screen printing
for fabric, fine art, billboards etc. Identifiable by thick layer of ink, opaque coloring, unique substrates. Forcing ink through an open image area supported by a screen, squeegee spreads ink across stencil
126
pressureless
package number and IDS. Small dots can be seen through magnifying glass. Non-contact printing of droplets of dye controlled by a computor
127
electrostatic imaging
image placed into xerox machine - > paper travels through corona which electrically charges the paper - > light scans OG image and strikes paper, uncharging it in some areas -> toner that is attracted to certain charges is applied to paper
128
lossy files
files that have been compressed to remove background info (lossless have not)
129
x-height
height of letters minus ascenders and descenders
130
baseline
line that is written on, above descenders
131
12 points = _ picas
1
132
6 picas = _ inches
1
133
72 points = _ inch
1
134
leading
space in between lines of type
135
line length
longest line in a sample (in picas)
136
measurement of horizontal space
picas
137
measurement of vertical space
points
138
justified type
the fugly kind newspapers use to fill the same amount of space in every line
139
asymmetrical type
random placement of lines/spacing
140
runaround
text wrap
141
tracking
combo of letter spacing and word spacing
142
kerning
small adjustments between individual letters
143
leading
spacing in between lines of type (verticle)
144
widow
last line of writing is alone on top of next page
145
river
pattern of white space within paragraph caused by justified type in too narrow of a column, or bad luck
145
orphan
first line of writing is at the bottom of previous page
146
die cut
sharp metal rule set into a block of wood w sponges surrounding it, cut the paper like a cookie cutter
147
embossing
creates a raised image by passing between two dies, one is in relief, while the other is recessed
148
Vehicles
the fluids that carries the pigment that causes it to adhere to the substrate; oil, water, alcohol are all used for different types of printing
149
Additives
compounds that control ink characteristics such as tack, workability, and drying quality
(Reducers, driers, binding varnish, waxes, anti-skinning agents, and cornstarch)
150
tack
stickiness of ink
151
Viscosity
the thickness of ink, reducers thin the ink (heavy for offset and letterpress inks, fluid and light for flexographic and gravure inks)
152
Picking
describes when tack is too high compared to surface strength of the substrate; will pick off parts of the paper
153
Toners
consist of very small colored dry powder particles which are transferred to the paper using an electrical charge
154
counter
Hole in some letters
155
Wire-side
less fillers and fines, less smooth; causes “feathering” of ink- prefered for offset printing
156
Felt-sde
fines and fillers retained, smoother surface; preferred for printing (not offset)
157
To reduce-two sidedness...
twin wire fourdrinier machine is used, so that two sides have the same surface property
158
gloss
ideal for photo-heavy printing, caused by coating and calendering, visible via incident light angles
159
Brightness
Intensity of light reflection of blue light (different from the term “whiteness,” because blue light is only a small portion of the spectrum of natural white light) increased by OBA, bleaching, coating. ALWAYS more ideal
160
Stiffness
Ability to hold itself without bending towards gravity; Refining and thickness increases stiffness, while filler and RH decreases stiffness;
MD:CD = 2:1; paper on MD has about twice the stiffness as CD does
160
Bursting Strength
Papers resistance to rupturing,
Increased by refining, decreased by filler and RH
160
Folding Strength
Withstand being folded and unfolded before breaking; Refining and fiber length increase, Coating and RH decreases folding strength
Lower in MD (easier to fold along the MD), creates smooth creasing lines with less cracking
Higher in CD, creates more cracks, flaps tend to pop open - endures more folding before breaking
160
Tearing Strength
The resistance of tearing after an initial cut; Refining decreases tearing strength in the end, though it initially increases it, Filler content and RH negatively impact tearing strength
CD is stronger against tearing- will create curved tear towards MD
160
Tensile Strength
The force to snap a 1-inch strip,
Refining and pressing increases strength, filler and RH decreases strength, Higher in MD, lower in CD
161
Surface Strength
Resistance of rupturing on the surface of the sheet of paper;
Refining increases surface strength, while fillers decrease surface strength
161
Porosity
The ability to allow gas or liquid to go through; highly porous papers have large gaps between fibers
Refining, sizing, coating/filler, and calendering decrease porosity
(lower porosity is desirable for printing); Porosity assists with sheet fed suction (less porosity allows for easier movement in paper machine)
161
Caliper
The thickness of paper
162
Label paper
pressure sensitive or adhesive label with silicone coated backing sheet and top layer coated with adhesive
163
synthetic paper
polypropylene and polystyrene- higher tearing resistance and durability. High opacity, no grain direction, low absorbancy
163
varnish
any finish, including glitter and gloss, matte, UV coating, and spot varnish
164
paperboard
caliper is 12pt or higher
165
corrugated board
paperboard that comes with at least one flat layer of high strength kraft paper (comes in single face, single wall, and double wall)
166
laminates
combinations of paper, adhesives, plastic, coatings, aluminum, and metaled film to act as barrier properties
167
thermoforming
plastic sheet is heated to a pliable forming temperature and formed to a specific shape in a mold
168
blister
thermoformed plastic with paperboard or foil bakcing
169
clamshell
thermoformed one piece plastic that folds onto itself
170
shrink sleeve/wrap
plastic shrink to wrap the product
171
3 piece can
flat top, bottom, and body with side seam
172
2 piece can
stretched by one piece, no side seam (like soda)
173
pigments
insoluble in water or organic solvents, more durable. Better lightfastness
174
lightfastness
fading resistance
175
organic color pigments
high price, produced via complex carbon containing chemistry
176
inorganic color pigments
inexpensive, good opacity
177
gold inks bade from
bronze powder
178
silver inks made from
aluminum
179
most used pigment color
black
180
dyes
soluble in water, preferred for inkjet (no clog), present brilliant color because of perfect light reflection
181
vehicles
fluid portion of ink, carrier of pigments. functions: wets/disperses pigment, provides printability, binds pigments on substrates
182
rheology
thickness and flow of liquids
183
oil based inks used in... printing
offset or screen
184
non drying oils
balance total drying time in oil based inks. mineral oils that dry by oxidation
185
ink resins/binders
chemicals that bond the pigments to the substrates
186
ink with least VOCs
water-based
186
ink solvents
dissolve resin, provide a means of drying for liquid inks
187
ink with most vios
solvent based
188
plasticizer
increases gloss of printed ink film, improves adhesion print on non-porous substrates, and improves flexibility cracks on t-shirts
189
porous substrates are always ... based
fiber
190
nonporous substrates are always ... based
plastic or foil
191
foils and plastics rely on ink __, because they cannot absorb inks
adhesion
192
purpose of wax in ink
improves rub resistance and reduces gloss
193
energy cured inks
only dries under exposure to UV and EB, dries instantly
194
thermal-chromic ink
color change on temperature change
195
functional inks
inks with different electrical properties, like conductivity, semi-conductivity, and dielectricity
196
toners for electrophotography
laser printer, toner printer, or copier. thermoplastic powders melt or soften under heat
197
dry toner ____ microns
3-20
198
liquid toner ___ microns
3-5
199
patent tech for liquid toner
HP indigo
200
patent for dry toner
HP, Epson, KM, Ricoh
201
liquid/dry toner performs better
liquid, because the particles are smaller on average
202
continuous inkjet
can be printed on both porous and non-porous substrates
203
variable data printing
for direct mail, barcodes, dates, address labels
204
latex inks
water based, dry by heat, instant drying, durable
205
runnability
how often paper curls and paper jam occurs
206
high viscosity inks
offset, screen
207
fluid inks
flexo, gravure, inkjet
208
ink opacity
hiding or cover power. Tested by covering black stripe with ink
209
color strength
measures how pigmented the ink is. finer the particles, the higher the color strength
209
trapping
printing colors so that they overlap and bleed lsightly into one another, in order to avoid paperwhite showing when registration is off
210
reverse trapping
using a white layer underneath an overprinted color layer on a nonwhite substrate
211
working properties of ink
measure how well ink lies on press and transfers onto substrates
212
pigment dispersion is tested by
grind gauge, which has a scraper and a channel with a sloping change in depth
213
all inks are dried by __, ___. or __
absorption, evaporation, oxidation
213
viscosity is measured by
flow cups
214
shear thinning/pseudoplasticity
paste ink loses viscosity when stirred or agitated
215
ink length
ability of ink to be stretched into a thread before snapping
216
short ink
screen, butter like
217
long ink
offset, honey like
218
Flexible packaging
refers to any package, or part of a package, that can readily change shape
219
Dimensional stability
stretch under web tension, misregistration for printing
220
Thermo stability
doesn’t cope well with heat- avoid heat-set ink, laser printing
221
Surface energy
the energy it takes place to form a spherical surface in dynes/cm, impacted by temperature, chemical bonds of the material
222
“Rule of thumb”for the ink to wet the substrate
its surface tension must be 10 dynes/cm lower than the surface energy of the substrate
223
Corona treatment
a high voltage electrical discharge to shoot electrical ions onto plastic surface, which reacts with the surface to increase the surface energy and create better adhesion (not permanent)
224
Reverse printing
protects prints on flexible materials by printing on the backside of the substrate, so that contact with the outside surface does not influence quality of the print
