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Fall 2014 Neuro Ophthalmic Disease > Fall 2014: Neuro-Ophthalmic Dz: Terminology > Flashcards

Fall 2014: Neuro-Ophthalmic Dz: Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

CN6

  1. Where is the Nucleus located?
    a. What happens if this Nucleus is Lesioned?
  2. Nerve Fibers exit what structure?
    a. They travel a long ways; These fivers are thus vulnerable to damage by what 2 things?
A
  1. Dorsal Pons
    a. Horizontal Gaze Palsy
  2. Ventromedial Pons
    a. Mass Lesions; and Increased ICP
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2
Q

Acephalgic Migraine

a. It’s a Variant of a Migraine. What does it consist of?
b. AKA?

A
  1. a. Consists of the MIGRAINE AURA w/o the HA.

b. Typical Migraine Aura w/o HA

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3
Q

Action Tremor

  1. It’s a TREMOR that appears when?
A
  1. During movement of the Affected BODY PART
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4
Q

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

  1. Classically, it’s what type of Dz?
    a. Usually follows what 3 possible things?
A
  1. a Monophasic Demyelinative Dz of the CNS

a. May follow a VIRAL SYNDROME, or VACCINATION, or may have no predisposing cause.

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5
Q

Adie’s Tonic Pupil

  1. What is it?
  2. RxN to Accommodation?
  3. HYPERSENSITIVE RxN to what drug?
  4. Usual Cause?
  5. Most often seen in Males/Females?
A
  1. Irregularly Dilated Pupil that has MINIMAL or NO RxN to LIGHT.
  2. Slow RxN
  3. to PILOCARPINE
  4. Idiopathic
  5. Females
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6
Q

Afferent Pupillary Defect (APD) (Marcus-Gunn Pupil)

  1. What is it?
  2. How do we test for it?
A
  1. Pupillary Dilation in the eye w/a PRE-CHIASMIC Optic Pathway Lesion (like an OPTIC NEURITIS)
  2. Shine Light into the DAMAGED eye after first shining it in the NORMAL EYE!
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7
Q

Ageusia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Impaired sense of taste
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8
Q

Agnosia

  1. What is it?
  2. This is usually a result from damage to what 2 areas?
A
  1. Can’t recognize and interpret objects, people, sounds, or smells, despite intact primary sense organs. (Ex: Can’t identify a sound even though u have intact hearing)
  2. to the Occipital or Parietal Lobe
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9
Q

Agraphia

  1. Being unable to do what?
  2. Usually due to damage to what structure in the Brain?
A
  1. Communicate ideas in written language that has nothing to do with mechanical dysfunction
  2. Parietal Lobe
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10
Q

Akinesia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Paucity of Movement
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11
Q

Alexia

  1. Inability to do what?
  2. Lesion usually where?
A
  1. to read

2. Lesion of the Dominant Occipitotemporal Cortex

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12
Q

Allodynia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Condition where a usually painless stimulus is experienced as being PAINFUL
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13
Q

Alzheimer’s Dz

  1. Most common form of what?
  2. Common findings?
A
  1. of Dementia

2. Abnormal Protein Aggregates (Neuritic Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles) and Neuron loss in the Cerebral Cortex

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14
Q

Amaurosis Fugax

  1. What is it?
  2. Cause?
A
  1. Temporary Vision loss in ONE EYE

2. due to impairment of Blood supply thru the ICA or the Ophthalmic Artery

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15
Q

Analgesia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Loss of Pain Sensation
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16
Q

Aneurysm (Brain/Cerebral)

  1. What is it?
  2. Main cause(s)?
A
  1. Bulging formation on an artery

2. Hypertension or an excessive amount of fatty deposits

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17
Q

Anhidrosis

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Absence of Sweating
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18
Q

Anisocoria

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Pupillary Asymmetry
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19
Q

Anomia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Inability to name objects or to recognize written or spoken names of objects
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20
Q

Anosmia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Loss of sense of smell
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21
Q

Anosognosia

  1. Lack of what?
  2. Seen in Lesions of what?
A
  1. lack of awareness or indifference to one’s own neurological deficit
  2. of Nondominant Parietal Lobe Lesions
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22
Q

Anterior Cranial Fossa

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Portion of the internal base of the skull housing the frontal lobes.
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23
Q

Anton’s Syndrome

  1. What is it?
  2. Due to a lesion of what?
A
  1. type of CORTICAL BLINDNESS in which the Pt is unaware of/denies the Visual Impairment
  2. of the Occipital Lobe, extending from primary visual cortex into the visual association cortex.
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24
Q

Aphasia

  1. What is it?
    a. Cause?
  2. Look up the following:
A
  1. Syndrome of disordered expression or comprehension of spoken and/or written language
    a. Brain Injury
  2. Non-fluent, Fluent, Conduction, Global, Transcortical motor, and Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
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25
Q

Aphemia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Inability to speak words, but can make other sounds
26
Q

Aphonia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. COMPLETE loss of voice
27
Q

Apraxia

  1. What is impaired?
  2. Movements cannot be performed for a specific situation, but they may be what?
  3. Cause?
A
  1. Planning/sequencing of movement that is NOT due to weakness, incoordination, or sensory loss.
  2. May be performed under other circumstances (like can’t lift feet off floor when trying to walk, but can do bicycle movements of the legs while lying in bed)
  3. Results from dissociation of parts of the CEREBRUM and is often associated w/Parietal Lobe Lesions
28
Q

Argyll-Robertson Pupil

  1. Pupil that exhibits Light-Near Dissociation due to a lesion in what?
  2. Cause?
A
  1. in Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter

2. Tertiary Syphilis

29
Q

Arteriovenous Malformation

  1. Tangled collection of what?
A
  1. Of abnormal arteries and veins
30
Q

Arteritis

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Artery inflammation
31
Q

Aseptic Meningitis

  1. Syndrome characterized by what?
    a. Often used synonymously with what?
    b. Also includes what?
A
  1. HA, Neck Stiffness, Low Grade Fever, and CSF Lymphocytic Pleocytosis in the absence of an Acute bacterial Pathogen.
    a. Viral Meningitis
    b. Meningeal inflammation due to Various drugs (NSAIDS) or Diagnostic procedures (Angiography); Atypical Bacterial, Fungal, Parasitic, or Parameningeal infection; Neoplastic Processes; and Various Systemic Disorders
32
Q

Astrocytoma

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Most common CNS TUMOR derived from ASTROCYTES
33
Q

Ataxia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Incoordination of movement usually due to Dz of Cerebellar or Sensory Pathways
34
Q

Atonia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Loss of Muscle Tone
35
Q

Aura

  1. What is it?
  2. What does it imply about the brain?
A
  1. Warning Symptom (e.g., vision, smell or perception) occurring PRIOR to something like a MIGRAINE or SEIZURE
  2. Implies a Focal Brain Disturbance
36
Q

Axial

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Transverse Plane producing a cross-section of the body or head
37
Q

Babinski Response

  1. What is it?
  2. What does it signify?
A
  1. Extension of the great toe on stimulation of the sole of the foot
  2. Signifies a LESION of the CORTICOSPINAL TRACT (aka, upgoing toe) (See also Plantar Response)
38
Q

Basilar Artery

  1. What artery is it?
  2. Bifurcates into what?
  3. Supplies blood to what?
A
  1. Large Brainstem artery on the VENTRAL SURFACE of the PONS formed by the joining of the 2 VERTEBRAL ARTERIES
  2. into the POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES
  3. to the Cerebral circulation and the Ventral Pons
39
Q

Basilar Migraine

  1. Form of a Migraine characterized by what?
A
  1. By a Visual AURA followed by an often occipital HA and 1 or more of the following symptoms:

Dysarthria, Vertigo, Tinnitus, Decreased Hearing, Diplopia, Blindness, Ataxia, Bilateral Paresthesia, Bilateral Paresis, and Impaired Cognition

40
Q

Bell’s Palsy (Idiopathic Facial Paralysis)

  1. What is it?
  2. What does it affect?
  3. Results in what?
A
  1. Cranial Neuritis
  2. affects the Facial Nerve thought to be due to reactivation of the Herpes Simplex Virus
  3. in LMN facial weakness, Hyperacusis, Taste Disturbance, and Impaired Lacrimation
41
Q

Bell’s Phenomenon

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Fluttering of the Eyes Upward when closed eyelids are opened by the examiner
42
Q

Berry Aneurysm

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Small SACCULAR ANEURYSM of an intracranial artery
43
Q

Blepharospasm

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Excessive involuntary contraction of the orbicularis oculi, sometimes resulting in functional blindness; a Focal Dystonia
44
Q

Bradykinesia

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Slowed movement due to dysfunction of the BASAL GANGLIA and related structures
45
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

  1. aka?
A
  1. Non-Fluent Aphasia (see later on…)
46
Q

Cataplexy

  1. Sudden loss of what?
  2. This is often due to what?
A
  1. of Postural Tone

2. Usually due to an emotional stimulus and results in falling to the floor; (Narcolepsy)

47
Q

Cavernous Sinus

  1. It’s Paired venous structures that are located where?
    a. They receive blood from what veins?
    b. What do they drain into?
  2. What structures are found here?
  3. Lesions usually result in what 3 things?
A
  1. On either side of the SELLA TURCICA
    a. from the Sup and Inf Orbital Veins
    b. into the Sup and Inf Petrosal Sinuses
  2. Carotid Artery and its Sympathetic Plexus, CNs 3, 4, 6, and V1
  3. Ophthalmoplegia, Orbital Congestion, and Proptosis
48
Q

Cerebral Arteriosclerosis

  1. What is it?
  2. Cerebral Atherosclerosis: What is it?
A
  1. Thickening and Hardening of the Arteries w/in the Brain
  2. It’s a Build up of FATTY DEPOSITS in the inner wall of the Cerebral Arteries (it’s a form of Cerebral Arteriosclerosis)
49
Q

Cerebral Atrophy

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Shrinking of brain or brain cells
50
Q

Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy w/Subcortical Infarcts & Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)

  1. What is it?
  2. What causes it?
  3. What does it do to the body?
A
  1. Familial Arterial Dz of the Brain
  2. Mutations of the Notch3 GENE
  3. Recurrent Subcortical Strokes (start in mid-adult life), Dementia, Depression, and Migraines
51
Q

Cerebritis

A

Inflammation of the Brain

52
Q

CSF

  1. Secreted mainly by what?
    a. What else secretes some of it?
  2. How does it flow thru the brain?
A
  1. Choroid Plexus
    a. Brain Capillaries
  2. Ventricles –> Foramen of Magendie (midline) and 2 Foramina Luschka (Lateral margins of the roof of the 4th ventricle) –> Subarachnoid Space –> Absorbed thru Arachnoid Villi in the walls of the DURAL sinuses and is returned to Systemic Circulation.
53
Q

Chiari Malformation

  1. CNS disorder characterized by what?
    a. Type 1 = ?
    b. Type 2 = ?
    c. Type 3 = ?
    d. Type 4 = ?
A
  1. by Cerebellar Elongation and Protrusion thru the FORAMEN MAGNUM, into the Cervical Spinal Cord.
    a. Caudal displacement of the Medulla and Inf Pole of the Cerebellar Hemispheres thru the Foramen Magnum
    b. Type 1 + Hydrocephalus and Lumbosacral SPINA BIFIDA
    c. Herniation of the Entire CEREBELLUM thru foramen magnum w/a CErvical Spina Bifida Cystica
    d. involves Cerebellar Hypoplasia
54
Q

Chorea

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Involuntary, Irregular, Rapid, Jerking Movements (i think it’s seen with Huntington’s Dz)
55
Q

Circle of Willis

  1. What is it?
  2. What arteries come together here?
  3. Purpose?
A
  1. the Main Arterial Anastomatic trunk seen at the BASE of the BRAIN

the 2 ICAs, and Basilar Artery come together.

  1. Allows blood to be redistributed to the Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Cerebral Arteries
56
Q

Classic Migraine

A

*Migraine w/Aura

57
Q

Cluster HA

  1. Primary or Secondary HA syndrome?
  2. Characterized by what?
  3. How does it occur?
  4. How often?
  5. Dx requires one or more of what Autonomic Abnormalities IPSILATERAL to the HA?
A
  1. Primary
  2. Intense, Unilateral Orbital, Supraorbital, and/or Temporal Pain that lasts 15-180 min
  3. Occurs in CLUSTERS
  4. can happen Several times per day for 1 or more months before going into “REMISSION” for months-Years.
  5. Conjunctival Injection, Lacrimation, Ptosis, Miosis, Eyelid Edema, Nasal Congestion, Rhinorrhea, or Facial Sweating
58
Q

Cogwheeling

  1. What is it?
A
  1. Ratchety movement due to superimposition of TREMOR on RIGIDITY
59
Q

Common Carotid Artery

  1. Artery that comes from what artery?
  2. What does it ascend thru?
A
  1. from the Brachiocephalic artery on the right, and from the Aortic Arch on the Left.
  2. thru the neck. Divides at the Upper border of the Thyroid Cartilage, into the External and Internal Carotid Arteries which supply the head and neck.
60
Q

Common Migraine

What is it?

A

Migraine w/o Aura

Fall 2014 Neuro Ophthalmic Disease (14 decks)

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