Faliure 1830-49

Question 1

Which treaty restored the Individual Italian states before Napoleon

Answer 1

Treaty of Vienna

Question 2

1831 Modena uprisings

Answer 2

In 1831 Enrico Misley, leading member of the Carbonari, led tan uprising in Modena.

A friend on Francesco IV Duke of Modena and tried to enlist his support

Question 3

Why did the 1831 Modena uprising fail

Answer 3

Francesco IV in February 1831 2 days before the uprisings went to Vienna to Plead for support from Prince con Metternich to aid him

In March 1831 Francesco returned with an Austrian army, revolutionaries crushed.

Neighbouring Parmar, Marie Louis also fled to Vienna facing the same problem

Question 4

What were the revolutions in the Papal States 1831

Answer 4

February 1831 a revolutionary army led by Colonel Giuseppe Sercogani captured the papal port of Ancona and the Umbrian Capital Perugia

March a provisional government led by Giovanni Vicinity was established in Bologna which issued a constitution: reformed finance system with moderated tariffs, elected assembly and fairer judicial system like Napoleonic model.

This was too radical for the Austrians

Question 5

Papal States failure 1831

Answer 5

March 1831 An Austrian army intervened and took Bologna with relative ease.

Fresh revolts in the Papal States end of 1831 led to Austrian military intervention in Jan 1832 and the occupation of Ancona by the French in March 1832

To ensure that all rev sentiment was crushed, papal armies swept through the marches acting brutal manner that was to sow the seeds of revolution in 1848/49

Question 6

Reasons fro 1831 revolution’s

Answer 6

Failed to attract foreign support

Enrico Misely hoped for support from the french king Louis Philippe. However his minister Casemiro Perrier stated ‘We do not recognise the fight of any people to force us to fight in its cause; the blood of Frenchmen belongs to France alone.

Revolts were for greater constitutional liberty, not national unity

Tropopause Protocol meant that the British and French could not intervene with the Great powers crushing of revolutions in Europe.

No national uprising however regionally based revolts meant they had no chance against the might of Austria.

Question 7

What does Risorgimento mean

Answer 7

In English it means ‘Reawakening’, development of national identity, sentiment and awareness among Italians of a common culture,

Question 8

Who were the 2 predecessors who sowed the seeds of Italian common culture

Answer 8

Dante - Wrote as Italia as a country

Machiavelli - Wrote as Italia as a cultural identity

Question 9

What were the linguistic divisions in Italy

Answer 9

1871 Italian Language was only spoken 630,000 / 27 million

2/3 were illiterate

Question 10

What was the Congress Degli Scienziata

Answer 10

This was the congress of science and they held meetings across different parts of italy between 1839 and 1847. The language spoken at this congress was Tuscan Italian by delegates from different regions of Italy.

Question 11

What were the patriotic themes in Music and Literary works

Answer 11

The Opera was attended by the upper class and the composer Giuseppe Verdi produced works preformed across Italy, pointing to the concept of common culture. 1840s were clear political messages.

‘The Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves’ - drew the comparisons of the enslavement of the Israelites and the repression of the Italians.

These performances provoked such patriotic sentiment that fights broke out between fired up Italians nationalists and Austrian Army Officers.

Question 12

What was the primary difference between the north and the sour that

Answer 12

Ownership of land, massive differences in the patterns of land ownership and cultivation between the north and south.

Soil in the south was inferior in quality, the region was crippled by Malaria. Land was owned by absentee landlords, rented out to the peasants.

Question 13

What was the effect of malaria

Answer 13

Across the Peninsula in the 19th century malaria accounted for around 330,000 deaths per year especially in the country side like sicily,Rome and Sardinia.

Question 14

How did industrial development start in Italy

Answer 14

Machines were imported from Britain, France and Switzerland leading to the factory system.

Question 15

Problems for industrial growth in Italy

Answer 15

There was no natural resource of Coal in Italy therefore they relied upon Britain for Coal imports. 1844 only 114,000 industrial workers in piedmont.

Between 1830 and 1860 economic growth was only 0.5% per year.

Question 16

Why was geography a problem for economic and industrial growth

Answer 16

Firstly the Alps stopped transport between parts of Europe and Italy. The Apennine Mountains running across the east of the country forming the ‘spine’ prevented transport and communication between the south and the north.

Northern Italy states were not integrated Ed as of Austrian domination of Lombardy and Venetia, this caused direct competition between states.

All of this reinforced the localisation of economies.

Question 17

What was the population increase between 1800 and 1850

Answer 17

17.8 million to 24 million

This caused rise of food price, supported by corn laws and forgein imports, making regular famines
1814, 1818, in the mid 1840s and in 1853 the peasantry were hit by widespread famines.

Question 18

What were some of the underlying causes of revolution in 1840s

Answer 18

Election of Pius IX in 1846

Poor harvests led to Ford riots across the peninsula in 1846-47

Land enclosure of common land

Under employment in the north

Question 19

Explain the uprisings in sicily

Answer 19

These were a reaction against the repressive regime or Ferdinand II.

1836 an outbreak of cholera on the island killed 1/10 (65,000) Sicilian People and somehow connected to the Neapolitan misrule

Parleys 12 January 1848 revolutionaries had taken control and being led by Sicilian Noblemen Rosalind Pilo.

The goal was to establish the 1812 constitution, previously abolished by Ferdinand II in 1816.
militant revolutionary from getting out of control

Question 20

What were the actions of the Sicialian revolutionary provisional governemnt

Answer 20

A provisional government established, along with a national guard to stop the lower orders and more militant groups from getting out of hand

Sicilian elections took place in march 1848. In April 1848 a parliament was announced that Ferdinand was no longer the king of Sicily, an Italian prince would be chosen to replace him

1848 Sicilian constitution

Question 21

How were the revolutionaries quelled in Sicily 1848

Answer 21

September 1848 Ferdinand II had grew tired and launched a military assault on the island, earning him the name ‘King Bomba’, it took them a couple of months however in may 1849 the insurrection was crushed.

Question 22

Explain the uprisings in Naples and mainland Sicily

Answer 22

17th January 1848 an uprising of the secret societies in Salerno forced a services of concessions from Ferdinand: freedom for political prisoners.
They wanted a constitution

January 27th 1848 mass demonstrations in Naples in favour of Salerno rev’s demands, Ferdinand agreed to grant a constituion.

Question 23

Why was Ferdinand II forced to give a constituion in 1848

Answer 23

He could not rely on the Austrians for support like his father did in 1820, as the Austrian troops were denied access to the Papal States under Pius IX

Pius also asked the lord to ‘Bless Italia’

The constitution was granted in February 1848 but was very conservative in nature, the king could veto laws and could nominate members to the upper chamber of parliament. A national Guard was established albeit under the king.

Question 24

Explain the uprisings in Lombardy

Answer 24

Austrian Rulers in Lombardy refused to respond to agitation for reform. The Austrian government held the monopoly over the Sale of Tobacco, 5 million Lire a year was raised in taxes from the sale of tobacco and gambling.

Milan people stopped smoking and boycotted the Tobacco, Austrian soldiers and officers were harassed for smoking in the streets.

On 13th march 1848 Metternich resigned as foreign minister and this was the trigger for revolution.

Question 25

What were the 5 days of Milan

Answer 25

On 17th March 1848 Barricades were thrown up in Milan and a full scale battle followed

Austrian governed and troops with the initial support of the city council, fought the coalition of Anti-Austrian forces e.g. Mazzinians, liberals, 100 priests, artisans and writers.

With the events in Vienna Redetzky pulled his troops from the Quadrilateral leaving a power vacuum in Lombardy.

Conservative moderate and member of the Milan city council Cound Gabri Cassati feared an independent Lombardy and proposed a union with Piedmont Led by Charles Albert.

Milanese council of war formed and their ultimate aim was the creation of a federation of Italian republics.

Question 26

Explain the revolutions in Venice

Answer 26

Demonstrations took place demanding the release of Daniele Manin. On march 22 1848 a Venetian Republic was declared

Although Manin preferred Venice to stay independent until the declaration of an Italian republic, he accepted the vote in the newly elected Venetian reassembly to ask Charles Albert for assistance.

Question 27

What was the statuto

Answer 27

The constitution granted to Piedmont on March 1848 creating a parliamentary democracy in Piedmont.

Only 2% of the population could vote for the elected lower house

Question 28

When was liberal refroms made in the Papal States

Answer 28

March 1848, Pius IX allowed the creation of a parliament, but one that had less power than those in the other states.

Question 29

Why did Charles Albert interfere in Lombardy

Answer 29

Austrian Weakness and with Metternich gone, Lombardy was ripe for annexation

fear of military intervention by revolutionary France, if he held back the revolution in Milan may spread to Piedmont.

On March 22nd 1848 Piedmont declared war on Austria.

Question 30

What was the Popes Allocution

Answer 30

On 29th April 1848 the Pope issued the allocation stating that the war against Austria did not have his blessing, moreover stating that Charles Albert was the Aggressor.

This was done because Pius IX did not want to upset Catholic Austria.

The pope did not wish to be considered as the potential leader of any Italian confederation.

Question 31

What was the result of the allocution by Pius IX

Answer 31

This meant that Pius has ruled himself out of the leadership of Italy,

This undermined the Papacy’s claim to lead the Italian cause. From a military point soldiers in Durago’s army would not go against the papal word (the papal army)

Question 32

How did Charles Albert loose Lombardy 1848

Answer 32

May 1848 won the battle of Giotto. However a french army 30,000 amassing on the Piedmontese border.

Albert did not trust the armies of Durango’s (Papal States) and Pepe’s (Naples).

Redezky sent Lombardy Prince Felix Schwarzenberg to Vienna and persuaded Austrian gov to fight for Lombardy, strategic position of the Quadrilateral.

On 24 July 1848 Austrian army bead Piedmont and their allies at the Battle of Custozza. Forced out of Lombardy on the 4th august and signed the treaty of salsaco on the 11th August.

Question 33

What was the further defeat for Charles Albert

Answer 33

Felix Schwarzenburg was appointed prime minister of Austria and was in no mid to compromise.

Charles Albert went for Lombardy again and try to defeat the Austrians,

Crushed at Novara on 23 march 1849, this marked the end of Piedmontese ambition and crushing blow for the nationalist cause.

Reparations of 65 Million French francs

Charles Albert in defeat and embarrassment abdicated the throne for Victor Emmanuel II

Question 34

What did Charles Albert say which may have doomed their cause of fighting the Austrians from the start.

Answer 34

‘Fare Da sé’ - Go It Alone, meaning the Italians did not need help to get rid of the Austrians

Military defeat in 1848 and 1849 proved Charles Albert wrong. To defeat the Austrians militarily they would need external help.

Question 35

What was the counter revolutions to the 1848/49 revolutions

Answer 35

In Tuscany October 1848: Grand Duke Leopold II forced to appoint a more liberal cabinet.

In Venetia: Daniele Manin’s Venetian republic has been confined to Venice, despite being besieged by the Austrian Army, despite Hunger and Cholera, Venice held out for a year and was finished on 27th August 1849

In Naples may 1848 Ferdinand launched a counter revolutions aiming to close parliament, by may 1849 the bourbon army regained control of sicily a move welcomed by many influential Sicilians.

Question 36

When did the pope switch sides and become known as the ‘two faced pope’

Answer 36

March 1848 pope delivered the Papal States a constitution.
September 1848 count Rossi was appointed and was extremely against liberal reformers and more democrats alike, Rossi was not popular among the revolutionary roman mob and was murdered on the 15th November while entering roman parliament.

The assassination was the trigger for insurrection against the pope, he fled on 24th November to Greta in the kingdoms of Naples.

Question 37

What did the radicals achieve in government

Answer 37

Held elections, announced the end of the popes power and the foundation of the ‘Roman Republic’

After the debate at Novara Mazzini rushed to Rome, given 1/3 power as part of the Triumvirate.

They ordered the clearning of the Roman slums, redistribution of some Church land, ending church control of the press and the abolition of the death penalty. A constitution was promised however on the verge of the defeat of the roman republic.

Question 38

How did the roman republic come to a close

Answer 38

They had little connections in italy nor had a significant army which it could defend itself..

Louis Napoleon wanted to win the favour of the Catholics and sent a force to Italy to crush the roman republic. On 24th April 1849 the french army marched on Rome.

The French faced a mixed group of revolutionaries led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, for 2 months inspired his troops to block the French’s attempt to destroy the Roman republic

June 1849, 20,000 French soldiers were at the gates of Rome, Garibaldi addressed teh constituents promising that the future for Rome’s defenders was one of ‘Hunger, Thirst, forced marches, battles and death.’

3rd July 1849 Garibaldi and a force of 4,000 withdre to San Marino, Mazzini made 1 final appeal to the people of Rome before returning to Exile in London.