Faliure 1830-49 Flashcards
Which treaty restored the Individual Italian states before Napoleon
Treaty of Vienna
1831 Modena uprisings
In 1831 Enrico Misley, leading member of the Carbonari, led tan uprising in Modena.
A friend on Francesco IV Duke of Modena and tried to enlist his support
Why did the 1831 Modena uprising fail
Francesco IV in February 1831 2 days before the uprisings went to Vienna to Plead for support from Prince con Metternich to aid him
In March 1831 Francesco returned with an Austrian army, revolutionaries crushed.
Neighbouring Parmar, Marie Louis also fled to Vienna facing the same problem
What were the revolutions in the Papal States 1831
February 1831 a revolutionary army led by Colonel Giuseppe Sercogani captured the papal port of Ancona and the Umbrian Capital Perugia
March a provisional government led by Giovanni Vicinity was established in Bologna which issued a constitution: reformed finance system with moderated tariffs, elected assembly and fairer judicial system like Napoleonic model.
This was too radical for the Austrians
Papal States failure 1831
March 1831 An Austrian army intervened and took Bologna with relative ease.
Fresh revolts in the Papal States end of 1831 led to Austrian military intervention in Jan 1832 and the occupation of Ancona by the French in March 1832
To ensure that all rev sentiment was crushed, papal armies swept through the marches acting brutal manner that was to sow the seeds of revolution in 1848/49
Reasons fro 1831 revolution’s
Failed to attract foreign support
Enrico Misely hoped for support from the french king Louis Philippe. However his minister Casemiro Perrier stated ‘We do not recognise the fight of any people to force us to fight in its cause; the blood of Frenchmen belongs to France alone.
Revolts were for greater constitutional liberty, not national unity
Tropopause Protocol meant that the British and French could not intervene with the Great powers crushing of revolutions in Europe.
No national uprising however regionally based revolts meant they had no chance against the might of Austria.
What does Risorgimento mean
In English it means ‘Reawakening’, development of national identity, sentiment and awareness among Italians of a common culture,
Who were the 2 predecessors who sowed the seeds of Italian common culture
Dante - Wrote as Italia as a country
Machiavelli - Wrote as Italia as a cultural identity
What were the linguistic divisions in Italy
1871 Italian Language was only spoken 630,000 / 27 million
2/3 were illiterate
What was the Congress Degli Scienziata
This was the congress of science and they held meetings across different parts of italy between 1839 and 1847. The language spoken at this congress was Tuscan Italian by delegates from different regions of Italy.
What were the patriotic themes in Music and Literary works
The Opera was attended by the upper class and the composer Giuseppe Verdi produced works preformed across Italy, pointing to the concept of common culture. 1840s were clear political messages.
‘The Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves’ - drew the comparisons of the enslavement of the Israelites and the repression of the Italians.
These performances provoked such patriotic sentiment that fights broke out between fired up Italians nationalists and Austrian Army Officers.
What was the primary difference between the north and the sour that
Ownership of land, massive differences in the patterns of land ownership and cultivation between the north and south.
Soil in the south was inferior in quality, the region was crippled by Malaria. Land was owned by absentee landlords, rented out to the peasants.
What was the effect of malaria
Across the Peninsula in the 19th century malaria accounted for around 330,000 deaths per year especially in the country side like sicily,Rome and Sardinia.
How did industrial development start in Italy
Machines were imported from Britain, France and Switzerland leading to the factory system.
Problems for industrial growth in Italy
There was no natural resource of Coal in Italy therefore they relied upon Britain for Coal imports. 1844 only 114,000 industrial workers in piedmont.
Between 1830 and 1860 economic growth was only 0.5% per year.
Why was geography a problem for economic and industrial growth
Firstly the Alps stopped transport between parts of Europe and Italy. The Apennine Mountains running across the east of the country forming the ‘spine’ prevented transport and communication between the south and the north.
Northern Italy states were not integrated Ed as of Austrian domination of Lombardy and Venetia, this caused direct competition between states.
All of this reinforced the localisation of economies.
What was the population increase between 1800 and 1850
17.8 million to 24 million
This caused rise of food price, supported by corn laws and forgein imports, making regular famines
1814, 1818, in the mid 1840s and in 1853 the peasantry were hit by widespread famines.
What were some of the underlying causes of revolution in 1840s
Election of Pius IX in 1846
Poor harvests led to Ford riots across the peninsula in 1846-47
Land enclosure of common land
Under employment in the north
Explain the uprisings in sicily
These were a reaction against the repressive regime or Ferdinand II.
1836 an outbreak of cholera on the island killed 1/10 (65,000) Sicilian People and somehow connected to the Neapolitan misrule
Parleys 12 January 1848 revolutionaries had taken control and being led by Sicilian Noblemen Rosalind Pilo.
The goal was to establish the 1812 constitution, previously abolished by Ferdinand II in 1816.
militant revolutionary from getting out of control
What were the actions of the Sicialian revolutionary provisional governemnt
A provisional government established, along with a national guard to stop the lower orders and more militant groups from getting out of hand
Sicilian elections took place in march 1848. In April 1848 a parliament was announced that Ferdinand was no longer the king of Sicily, an Italian prince would be chosen to replace him
1848 Sicilian constitution
How were the revolutionaries quelled in Sicily 1848
September 1848 Ferdinand II had grew tired and launched a military assault on the island, earning him the name ‘King Bomba’, it took them a couple of months however in may 1849 the insurrection was crushed.
Explain the uprisings in Naples and mainland Sicily
17th January 1848 an uprising of the secret societies in Salerno forced a services of concessions from Ferdinand: freedom for political prisoners.
They wanted a constitution
January 27th 1848 mass demonstrations in Naples in favour of Salerno rev’s demands, Ferdinand agreed to grant a constituion.
Why was Ferdinand II forced to give a constituion in 1848
He could not rely on the Austrians for support like his father did in 1820, as the Austrian troops were denied access to the Papal States under Pius IX
Pius also asked the lord to ‘Bless Italia’
The constitution was granted in February 1848 but was very conservative in nature, the king could veto laws and could nominate members to the upper chamber of parliament. A national Guard was established albeit under the king.
Explain the uprisings in Lombardy
Austrian Rulers in Lombardy refused to respond to agitation for reform. The Austrian government held the monopoly over the Sale of Tobacco, 5 million Lire a year was raised in taxes from the sale of tobacco and gambling.
Milan people stopped smoking and boycotted the Tobacco, Austrian soldiers and officers were harassed for smoking in the streets.
On 13th march 1848 Metternich resigned as foreign minister and this was the trigger for revolution.
