Fairness

Question 1

3 Kinds of Cooperation

Answer 1

1. Kin Cooperation (relatedness cost - benefit > 0)
2. Byproduct Mutualim (relatedness A alone or A and B incur cost but A and B receive benefit > or = 0)
3. Reciprocity (relatedness A - B = 0)

Question 2

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 2

In addition to cooperating at same, also cooperate across time

1. Cost to giving, benefit to receiving
2. Delay b/w giving & receiving
3. Giving is contingent upon receiving

Question 3

Required Mechanisms for Recip. Alt.

Answer 3

1. individual recognition
2. recalling past interactions
3. Quantification of costs/benefits
4. Assessment of time
5. Recognizing cheaters
6. Punishing cheaters

Question 4

Animal RA Examples

Answer 4

• Vampire bats (barf blood) - weak evidence
• Lions (leaders vs. laggards) - no evidence of reciprocal defense
• Jays: mutualism & RA - mutualism works b/c of selfish payoffs; RA fails when temptation to defect is high
• Unrelated tamarins: if one player defects 2x, cooperation crashes

Question 5

RA Failure in Animals - why?

Answer 5

1. weak inhibitory control -> lack of patience -> desire for immediate gratification … NOT TRUE
2. lack of punishment of cheaters … YES TRUE

Question 6

Wolf Game

Answer 6

ppl at cubicles w/button; more people involved, less time people wait

Question 7

Ultimatum game

Answer 7

$10 offer some - offer accepted/rejected; humans generally stay at mean & generally rejected if offer less than 20% of amount

• • peru: subsistence group offers less, little rejection
• • paraguay: highly cooperative, offers .5, no rejection
• • png: gift exchange, exact reciprocation, .35 offer, .4 rejection … w/o coop., no fairness

Question 8

Fairness in children

Answer 8

same pattern of giving/rejection in ultimatum game

Question 9

Neural Substrate of Fairness

Answer 9

specific neural mechanisms support fairness (OFC & AS)

Question 10

Altruistic Punishment

Answer 10

we care about fairness - we want to punish others for not acting fairly

– the more you pay to punish (ie. cost to punisher), the more the activation (of caudate nucleus)
+ punishment causes pleasure

Question 11

Oxytocin

Answer 11

Cuddle hormone
- stimulation of milk ejection, stimulation smooth muscle contraction at birth, establishment of maternal behavior

.. related to trust in economic games