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Nurs365 E1 Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases > Facts Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Facts Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

a pediatrics total body water is ________% of their body weight

A

75-80%

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2
Q

pediatrics are susceptible to significant changes in body fluids such as

A

dehydration

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3
Q

total body water is affected by aging by:

A

decreased percent of TBW
* decreased free fat mass and decreased muscle mass
* renal decline
* diminished thirst perception

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4
Q

at the arterial end of the capillary, hydrostatic pressure _______ oncotic pressure and fluid moves ______ the interstitial space. what is this called?

A

exceeds
into
filtration

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5
Q

at the venous end of the capillary, hydrostatic pressure ______ oncotic pressure and fluid moves ______ the interstitial space. what is this called?

A

is less than
out of
reabsorption

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6
Q

______ maintains the osmotic balance of the ECF

A

sodium

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7
Q

______ maintains the osmotic balance of the ICF

A

potassium

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8
Q

causes of edema

A

increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
* venous obstruction or salt and water retention
decrease plasma oncotic pressure
* albumin production is lost or diminished - albumin attracts and holds water within blood vessels
increase capillary permeability
* inflammation
lymph obstruction (lymphedema)

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9
Q

sodium role

A

primary ECF cation
regulates osmotic forces, thus water
nerve impulse conduction
cellular chemical reactions
acid-base balance
membrane transport

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10
Q

chloride role

A

primary ECF anion
provides electroneutrality

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11
Q

increases and decreases in chloride concentration are _______ to changes in sodium concentration

A

proportional

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12
Q

water balance is regulated by the secretion of

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a vasopressin
produced in the posterior pituitary

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13
Q

sodium Na balance is regulated by

A

aldosterone
from adrenal cortex

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14
Q

what creates thirst

A

when there is a decrease in water or excess concentration of sodium in relation to total body water, an increase in osmolality is created which stimulates osmoreceptors, resulting in thirst

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15
Q

volume receptors are located in

A

right and left atria and thoracic vessels

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16
Q

baroreceptors are located in

A

the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and carotid sinus

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17
Q

isotonic fluid loss causes

A

dehydration and hypovolemia

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18
Q

signs and symptoms of isotonic fluid loss

A

weight loss
increased thirst
dry skin

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19
Q

symptoms of hypovolemia

A

increased heart rate
decreased urine output
decreased BP
flat neck veins

20
Q

isotonic fluid excess causes

A

hypervolemia

21
Q

causes of isotonic fluid excess

A

excessive IV therapy
increases in aldosterone
drugs like cortisone (prednisone)

22
Q

symptoms of isotonic fluid excess

A

weight gain
decreased albumin
increased BP
distended neck veins
crackles heard in lungs
edema - pulmonary edema - heart failure

23
Q

hypernatremia occurs when serum sodium levels are

A

ABOVE 145 mEq/L

24
Q

hypernatremia caused by

A

increase in sodium
water loss

25
Q

hypernatremia causes

A

water movement from ICF to ECF (intracellular dehydration)

26
Q

causes of hypernatremia

A

inadequate water intake
excessive sweating
fever (increased ventilatory rate)
vomiting
diarrhea
burns
respiratory tract infections (increased ventilatory rate)

27
Q

manifestations from hypernatremia

A

clinical: thirst, weight gain, bounding pulse, increased blood pressure
central nervous system: muscle twitching and hyperactive reflexes, confusion, coma, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage

28
Q

hyponatremia occurs when serum sodium levels are

A

BELOW 135 mEq/L

29
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A

sodium loss (vomiting, diarrhea, GI suction, diuretic use)
large water intake, acute renal failure, SIADH

30
Q

symptoms of hyponatremia

A

alters cell’s ability to depolarize and repolarize
cerebral cell swelling
changes in levels of consciousness - lethargy, confusion, seizures, coma

31
Q

chloride is a major ____ of the ECF

A

anion

32
Q

causes of hypochloremia

A

loss of sodium Na (hyponatremia)
elevated bicarbonate (metabolic alkalosis)
vomiting and the loss of HCl

33
Q

causes of hyperchloremia

A

occurs with hypernatremia
bicarbonate deficit (metabolic acidosis)

34
Q

potassium is a major _____ of the ICF

A

cation

35
Q

normal range of potassium

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

36
Q

potassium concentration maintained by

A

Na+/K+ pump

37
Q

potassium involved in

A

cell membrane potential (especially cardiac and nerve cells)
buffering systems for acidosis and alkalosis

38
Q

major route loss for K is

A

kidneys

39
Q

distribution of K influenced by

A

acid-base balance

40
Q

aldosterone affects potassium concentration by

A

increasing secretion into the urine and from sweat glands

41
Q

hypokalemia occurs when serum potassium levels are

A

BELOW 3.5 mEq/L

42
Q

causes of hypokalemia

A

reduced intake of potassium (more common in elderly)
increased movement of potassium into cells
increased losses of potassium
* upper GI loss: create alkalosis from stomach acid loss
* lower GI loss: diarrhea
* renal losses: diuretics

43
Q

clinical manifestations of hypokalemia

A

muscle weakness
dysrhythmias (resting membrane potential becomes more negative - requires greater stimulus to trigger action potential, also delays repolarization)
glucose intolerance

44
Q

hyperkalemia occurs when serum potassium levels are

A

ABOVE 5.5 mEq/L

45
Q

causes of hyperkalemia

A

increased intake
shift of potassium from ICF to ECF
decreased renal excretion (oliguria - low urine output)
insulin deficiency (insulin facilitates movement of K into cell)
cell trauma (K can leak from cell)

46
Q

clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia

A

mild attacks - restlessness, intestinal cramping, diarrhea
severe attacks - muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, paralysis (resting membrane potential from -90 to -70)
dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest

Nurs365 E1 Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases (4 decks)

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