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Pharm I Fall 2016 NUNM Jensen > Facts > Flashcards

Facts Flashcards

1
Q

A drug is a chemical substance used for what three purposes?

A
  1. Preventing, treating or diagnosing disease
  2. Preventing pregnancy
  3. Recreational or other forms of abuse
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2
Q

What term describes what drugs do to the body?

A

Pharmacodynamics

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3
Q

What term describes what the body does to drugs and how fast it does it?

A

Pharmacokinetics

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4
Q

What are the first three pharmacokinetic steps?

A

Administration > Absorption > Distribution

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5
Q

What are the pharmacodynamic steps?

A

Receptor agonism or antagonism

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6
Q

What are the final three steps of pharmacokinetics?

A

Redistribution > Metabolism > Excretion

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7
Q

Most drugs are what kind of compounds?

A

Organic

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8
Q

Where do most drugs originate from?

A

Natural sources, but are synthesized for commercial purposes

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9
Q

What are the three types of names that most drugs have?

A

Chemical
Generic (official)
Trade (proprietary)

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10
Q

What are some of the nine possible formulations of drugs?

A

Tablets, capsules, pills,
pearls, solutions, suspensions,
ointments, tinctures, salves

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11
Q

What are the two routes of enteral administration?

A

Oral and rectal

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12
Q

What are the seven routes of parenteral administration of drugs?

A

Sublingual, intramuscular, intravenous,
subcutaneous, intrathecal, topical,
transdermal

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13
Q

What are the three factors that determine drug absorption and distribution?

A
  1. Molecular size
  2. Solubility
  3. Conditions at site of tissues to be penetrated by drug
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14
Q

In regard to polarity, what form of a drug can readily penetrate cell membranes?

A

Nonionized. Drugs that are lipid soluble (non-polar) are able to penetrate cell membranes mor rapidly

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15
Q

Why do plasma proteins “help” drugs?

A

Highly lipid soluble drugs need help dissolving in the aqueous environment of the blood plasma.

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16
Q

What needs to happen to bound drugs (to plasma proteins) to act on receptors?

A

While bound they are inactive and trapped in the bloodstream. Only “free drugs” (unbound) are distributed across tissues.

17
Q

Drugs that ACTIVATE receptors are called ___

A

Agonists

18
Q

Drugs that BLOCK receptors are called ___

A

Antagonists

19
Q

What term describes the dose required to produce minimum response?

A

Potency

20
Q

What term describes maximum magnitude of response?

A

Efficacy

21
Q

What term describes the difference between toxic and effective dose?

A

Margin of safety

22
Q

What term describes the ratio of toxic and effective dose?

A

Therapeutic index

23
Q

Where are most receptors that are targeted by drugs?

A

The external cell membrane

24
Q

What kind of drug-receptor bonds are most common?

A

Ionic bonds (reversible)

25
Q

Are stronger bonds than ionic possible and are they reversible?

A

Covalent bonds are rare and irreversible

26
Q

What are the three categories of drug receptor types?

A

Extracellular membrane spanning receptors
Extracellular molecules
Intracellular molecules

27
Q

What are the three types of extracellular membrane spanning receptors?

A

Transmembrane G protein coupled receptors
Transmembrane enzyme activating receptors
Channel modulators

28
Q

What is the one type of extracellular molecule receptor?

A

Enzyme modulators

29
Q

What are the two types of intracellular molecule receptors?

A

Genetic transcription modulators

Enzyme modulators

30
Q

What are the three ways in which drug actions are terminated?

A

Redistribution
Metabolism
Excretion

31
Q

What are the two phases of metabolism?

A

Phase 1: oxidation and reduction to produce more polar metabolites.
Phase 2: conjugation produces a larger metabolite

32
Q

Kidneys are the major organ of drug excretion. What are the four ways they do this?

A

Drugs may be:

  1. filtered in the glomerulus
  2. secreted from the bloodstream into the nephron
  3. reabsorbed from the nephron into the bloodstream, and
  4. excreted into the urine
33
Q

What is meant by “first pass metabolism”?

A

The drug is absorbed in the GI tract and passes via the portal vein into the liver where some drugs are metabolized. Sometimes the result is that only a proportion of the drug reaches the circulation.

34
Q

What is meant by the “enterohepatic cycle”?

A

Some substances circulate from the liver to the bile, which is excreted into the small intestine where enterocytes absorb it and take it back to the liver.

35
Q

What is the basic function of the cytochrome P450 cycle?

A

It permits the transfer of electrons from electron donor compounds to drugs and other metabolic substrates. The result is usually a more polar and excretable metabolite.

Pharm I Fall 2016 NUNM Jensen (11 decks)

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