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History Russia > Factors That Helped Establish Communist Control > Flashcards

Factors That Helped Establish Communist Control Flashcards

1
Q

What were the five factors that helped establish communist control?

A
  • Early decrees
  • Constituent assembly
  • Civil war
  • 1921 party congress
  • Control over former Russian empire
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2
Q

What were the early decrees? (1)

A
  • Oct 1917 Decree on Land
  • Oct 1917 Decree on Peace
  • Nov 1917 Workers Decree
  • Apr 1918 Decree on Workers Control
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3
Q

Outcome of the early decrees (1)

A
  • Popular support from workers
  • Breathing space from ending the war
  • Soviet structure was democratic
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4
Q

How many seats and votes did the Bolsheviks have at the Constituent Assembly? (2)

A
  • 175 seats
  • 9 mil votes
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5
Q

How many seats and votes did the Socialist Revolutionists have at the Constituent Assembly? (2)

A
  • 410 seats
  • 21 mil votes
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6
Q

Who were the Bolsheviks’s opponents in 1918 and what did they want? (2)

A
  • Some army generals: Tsarist
  • Other generals: military dictatorship
  • Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks: more democratic government
  • Anarchists: abolish all gov
  • Regional states: independence from Russia
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7
Q

When did the civil war break out? (3)

A

Summer 1918

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8
Q

War Communism (3)

A
  • Communists v reactionary whites
  • Grain requisitioned from peasants to feed soldiers
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9
Q

Use of Party, Nomenklatura and Politburo (3)

A
  • Lenin relied on political centralisation, working through loyal party nomenklatura, rather than more democratic soviets
  • Used terror to suppress opposition
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10
Q

Role of Red Army and Trotsky’s appointment of officers (3)

A
  • Trotsky put Tsarist generals back in charge of army which caused outrage among idealists
  • Paid off as Red Army became disciplined and a successful fighting force
  • Very rigid system of discipline
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11
Q

Cheka and use of terror (3)

A
  • 1917 created Cheka (secret police): defended the rev
  • Raided anarchist organisations/closed down opposition newspapers/expelled Mensheviks and Social Revolutionists from soviets
  • Imprison/torture/kill any threat
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12
Q

e.g terror in Cheka (3)

A
  • Kremenchuk, Ukraine: church leaders impaled to death
  • In city: Oryol victims frozen and put on display as ice statues
  • Women captured were routinely raped
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13
Q

Structure of the soviet state from 1921 (3)

A

1) Sovnarkom (approved politburo decisions)
2) All Russia Congress of Soviets
3) Local soviets (party members elected onto the soviets)
4) The Russian people

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14
Q

Who was the first ever woman cabinet member in the world? (3)

A

Alexandra Kollontai

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15
Q

Structure of the party (3)

A

1) Politburo (only created in 1919 due to need in civil war for smaller/faster decision making body)
2) Central committee
3) Party congress
4) Local party
5) Party members

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16
Q

Ways in which the party took control of gov (3)

A
  • Power passed to local soviets at time of october rev
  • These sent delegates to congress of soviets
  • Ballot ringing/intimidation used to ensure party members were elected onto soviets
  • Chairman of soviets often a local party member
  • 1919 onwards politburo took over from sovnarkom
  • Party members guaranteed senior positions in state
  • Later other political parties outlawed
  • Lenin head of party and state
17
Q

Factors for 1921 Party congress (4)

A
  • Peasant revolts: Tambov
  • Political opposition
  • Strikes in cities Petrograd and Kronstadt
18
Q

Outcomes of 1921 party congress (4)

A
  • Banning of factions inside party entitled ‘On Party Unity’
  • NEP (New Economic Policy)
  • ‘Democratic centralism’: one party dominance
19
Q

Peasant revolts: Tambov (4)

A
  • Led by Aleksandr Antonov
  • Rebellion against grain requisitioning and Cheka brutality
  • Force of 50,000 anti-communist revolts
20
Q

Political opposition (4)

A
  • Workers Opposition: wanted to reintroduce workers control of industry
  • Democratic Centralists: wanted to make communist party more democratic
21
Q

Strikes in cities Petrograd and Kronstadt (4)

A
  • Petrograd: Red Army responded to strikes against communist policies by opening fire on unarmed workers
  • Kronstadt: sailors at naval base rebelled/demanded reforms (immediate free/fair election of new soviets, release of all Menshevik/Anarchist/SR prisoners, restoration of freedom of speech/press, abolition of Cheka, end to war communism)
22
Q

What is democratic centralism? (4)

A
  • Policy is decided centrally and is binding on all members
  • Party embodied will of the people so voting was not necessary
23
Q

Forming of the USSR (5)

A
  • Party gained control over outlying regions of old Russian empire
  • Local Bolsheviks staged unrest
  • Red Army troops sent in
  • Tight control by party
  • Led to agreeing to form USSR, centralising control over these states from Moscow

History Russia (12 decks)

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