factors that contribute to variations in health status between population groups Flashcards
1
Q
what are the variations in health status between population groups
A
- biological factors
- sociocultural factors
- environmental factors
2
Q
what are the biological factors
A
- body weight(overweight and obesity)
- age
- blood pressure (hypertension)
- blood cholesterol( high blood cholesterol)
- glucose regulation ( impaired)
- birth weight (low)
- genetics/ hormones
3
Q
what are the impacts of body weight( overweight and obesity)
A
- increases the strain on the heart as it pumps harder to get oxygen to all cells, resulting in cardio vascular disease (CVD)
- it can mean that cholestral levels are elevated increasing the rate of atherosclerosis
- can place extra strain on joints, which can lead to arthritis
4
Q
what are the impacts of age
A
- the body systems begin to decline after reaching a peak in the mid - 20s - 30s . this decline increases the risk of a range of conditions such as (back and neck pain, arthristis, diabetes, depression and dementia).
5
Q
what are the impacts of blood pressure ( low)
A
- heart has to work harder, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke
- kidneys are strained as they try to contrl blood pressure - leading to failure
6
Q
what are the impacts of blood cholesterol ( high blood cholesterol)
A
- LDL cholesterol sticks to blood vessel walls, increasing the rate of cardiovascular disease
7
Q
what is the impact of glucose regulation
A
- impaired blood glucose is not absorded into cells effectively, increase risk of type 2 diabetes
- kidneys filter excess glucose out of the blood, leading to kidney damage
8
Q
what is the impact of birth weight
A
- underdeveloped immune system, making them more susceptible to infections
- also increases the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular dieases later in life
9
Q
what are the impacts of genetics and hormones
A
- decreases in oestrogen during menopause increases the risk of osteoporosis among female, increasing the risk of osteoporosis
- higher levels of testosterone increasing risk-taking behaviours among males, injures
10
Q
what are the sociocultural factors
A
- socio economis status (SES, income- education- occupation)
- access to health care
- social isolation
*social exclusion - cultural background
- early life experiences
- food security
- commercial factors
11
Q
what is the impact of SES (income, education, oppucation)
A
- having a lower income can reduce access to resources(food, healthcare) that impacts health outcomes.
- low levels of health literacy (education) contribute to low SES less likely to take notice of health promotion meassages.
- high SES can mean high income. Income means people can afford resources auch as nutritious food, reducing the risk of overweight/ obesity and thus associated conditions of CVD, type 2 diabetes.
12
Q
what is the impact of social isolation
A
- personal isolation from others can make people feel like they have no one to turn to contributing to mental illnesses, suicide, development of dementia and premature death
12
Q
what is the impact of access to health care
A
it is anything to do with health care
* those with a low socioeconimic status may avoid health care if they are required to pay. this leads to illness going undiagnosed (for example cancer)
13
Q
what is the impact of social exclusion
A
- social exclusion ofthen contributes to risk taking behaviours such as smoking and vaping, and alcohol use, leading to some cancers
14
Q
what is the impact of cultural background
A
- the tradiontal diet of aboriginal and torres strait islander people changed due to colonisation increasing diet related conditions- obesity
15
Q
what is the impact of early life experiences
A
- maternal smoking can lead to low birth weight.
- abuse or neglect during the early years affects brain function
16
Q
what is the impact of food insecurity
A
- lack of financial resources can lead to an inability to afford nutritious foods and a reliance on cheaper processed foods, leading to some cancers , type 2 diabetes.
17
Q
what is the impact of commerial factors
A
- industrial sites located in close prosimity to residential areas may increase air and noise pollution in the area.
- dangerous labour conditions can increase the incidence of injuries and, in some cases, lead to death.
- marketing techniques can lead to increased consumption of energy dense foods, leading to obesity
18
Q
what are the environmental factors
A
- housing
- work environment
- urban design and infrastructure
- climate and cliamte change
19
Q
what is the impact of housing
A
- a housing envirnoment which is damp and has poor ventilation, can promote the growth of mould. this increases risk of respiratory conditions such as asthma.
- a housing environment that is not adequately maintained, including balconies, stairs and eletrical wiring, falls and thus injuries as well as electocution.
20
Q
what is the impact of work envirnoment
A
- a workplace envirnoment which is outdoors (e.g contrustion and farming) increases exposure to harmful UV (ultraviolet) radiation, leading to cancer.
- a workplace envirnoment with heavy machinery ( e.g. farming, construction, mining) increases the risk of injuries such as injuries such as fractures adn crushing.
21
Q
urban design and infrastruture
A
- being able to access public transport can assist people, particularly those with limited mobility, in accessing resources such as education, employment, food and health care
- being in close proximity to fast-food outlets may increase the frequency at which people consume such products. This can increase energy intake and contribute to being overweight and obesity.
22
Q
climate and climate change
A
- climate change can contribute to more extreme tempuratures, increases in the occurence of natural disasters, increasing injury and deaths.
- droughts and floods causing extensive livestock and crop losses, limiting the ability of people to access resources such as food, relying on processed food, leading to obesity.
