contribution to Australia’s health status

Question 1

the contribution to Australia’s health status of:

Answer 1

• smoking and vaping
• alcohol
• overweight and obesity
• nutritional imbalance (under-consumption of fruit and vegetables, and dairy foods; high intake of fat, salt and sugar; low intake of fibre).

Question 2

conditions associated with overweight and obesity

Answer 2

• type 2 diabetes
• kidney disease
• osteoarthritis
• cancer

Question 3

health risk factor of obesity and overweight (example texts)

Answer 3

• overweight and obesity can negatively affect the secretion of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes this contributes to increasing morbidity rates.
• being overweight can cause the kidneys to work harder to filter more waste than normal, and over an extended period can lead to kidney disease . this contributes to increased mortality rates and decreased life expencancy

Question 4

conditions associated with smoking and vaping

Answer 4

• cardiovascular disease
• cancers such as lung and stomach
• infectious diseases
• asthma and respiratory conditions

Question 5

health risk factor of smoking and vaping (examples)

Answer 5

• smoking and vaping increases the risk of causing faults in cells as they divide, increasing the risk of tumours, and thus many types of cancers, thus contributing to increasing the years of life lost or (YLL).
• smoking and vaping can be a trigger to cause airway muscles to tighten making breathing diffucult, thus increasing the riskasthma, contributing to an increas of morbibity rates especially in children.

Question 6

conditions associated with alcohol consumption

Answer 6

• overweight and obesity, and associated conditions(cardio vascular disease and type 2 diabetes)
• injuries
• cancers such as mouth, stomach and bowel
• liver diseases

Question 7

health risk factor of alcohol consumption

Answer 7

• alcohol is filtered by the liver, so excessive use can contribute to damage of the liver such as scarring, increasing the risk of cirrhosis, and therefore contributing to the increase of morbidity rates.
• alcohol affects motor control and judgement, increasing the risk of road accidents, falls and violence. thus increasing the risk of injuries and death contributing to the reduction in life expencancy.

Question 8

conditions associated with under consumptions of fruits and vegetables

Answer 8

• cardio vascular disease
• overweight and obesity
• neutral tube defects

Question 9

health risk factor of under consumption of fruits and vegetables

Answer 9

• underconsumption of vegetables for mothers, means they may not get adequate nutrients (such as folate), as vegetables are high in nutrients. this means mothers increase the risk of their baby having neutal tube defects such as spina bifida. thus contributing to morbidity of children .
• underconsumption of fruits and vegetables reduces intake of fibre, as fruit and vegetables are high in fibre. low fibre can lead to ovreeating, as fibre contributes to feelings of fullness . this increases energy intake, increaing the risk of overweight and obesity which can lead to cardiovascular disease contributing to an increase to mortality.

Question 10

conditions associated with under consumption of dairy foods

Answer 10

• osteoporosis
• denatl caries
• cardiovascular disease

Question 11

health risk factor of under consumption of dairy foods

Answer 11

• under consumption of dairy foods can lead to in adequate calcium intake, as dairy foods are a rich source of calcium. this impacts development of strong teeth which increases the risk of dental caries , contributing to the morbidity rate especially in children.
• under consumption of dairy products could lead to inadequate calcium intake, as dairy foods are rich in calcium. this hinders the achievements of peak bone mass and icnrease the risk of osteoporosis thus increasing it’s incidence

Question 12

conditions associated with a high calcium intake of fat

Answer 12

• overweight and obesity
• cardiovascular disease
• type 2 diabetes

Question 13

health risk factor of high intake of fat (examples)

Answer 13

• high intake of fats(trans and satured fats) increases energy intake as fat is energy dense. if this energy isn’t used, then it will be stored as excess adipose (fat) increasing the risk of overweight and obesity contributing to reducing life expencancy
• high intake of trans and staured fats ( e.g fatty meat) raises the low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholestoral in the blood inreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and whilst also increasing the rate of morbidity.

Question 14

conditions associated with high intake of salt

Answer 14

• osteoporosis
• high blood pressure also known as hyper tension

Question 15

health risk factor of high intake of salt ( example)

Answer 15

• high intake of salt increases sodium levels, which increases blood volume and thus increases the risk of **high blood pressure (hypertension) ** wich contributes to morbidity
• high intake of salt increases sodium levels. excess sodium causes calcium to be excereted in urine whcih causes a disease in bone density. this increase risk of osteoporosis, and thus increases YLD.

Question 16

conditions associated with high intake of sugar

Answer 16

• type 2 diabetes
• dental carries

Question 17

health risk factor of high intake of sugar ( examples)

Answer 17

• high intake of sugar increases energy consumptio which, if not used, will be stored as excess adipose tissue. this increases the risk of verweight/ obesity and thus associated conditions of type 2 diabetes increasing the rate of mortality and morbidity
• high intake of sugar provides food for bacteria in the mouth which then produces acid. high intake can therefore contribute to increase of dental carries thus increasing morbidity

Question 18

conditions associated with low intake of fibre

Answer 18

• overweight and obesity
• type 2 diabetes
• colorectal cancer

Question 19

health risk factor of low fibre intake (example)

Answer 19

• low fibre intake can lead to lack of good bowel movement due to lack of fibre helping move the ecretion and digestive system as a consequence of the it can result in colorectal cancer which decreases the YLL and increases the YLD
• fibre helps with creating the feelign of fullness and if someone lacks intake of fibre they are likely to lack this feeling causing them to consume more food resulting in overweight and obesity, which in the long term can lead to cardiovasular disease and possible YLL if not YLD.