Factors that caused WWII in Asia-Pacific (Japan) Flashcards
1
Q
Why did USA want to intervene with Japan?
A
- USA initially practiced isolationism (1937 Neutrality Act), Japan expected to have free hand in war against China.
- Japan wanted to keep western powers out of Asia for control and good markets → Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere → threatened US interests
- After the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937) incident, President Roosevelt was worried about Japan’s growing ambitions and wanted to keep its expansion in check. American began to take a progressively harder line on Japan.
- When Japan continued to occupy Vietnam, USA imposed trade embargo, banned export of steel, scrap iron and oil to Japan (essential for war effort e.g planes. ships)
- Resurrected a law from WWI – Trading with Enemy Act, which seized Japanese assets in the US making Japan unable to buy essential goods.
2
Q
Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor.
A
- Japan’s reliance on American oil: Either accept USA’s demands to end war in China and limit expansion in asia OR retaliate by attacking the USA.
- Japan sought to secure natural resources, such as oil, rubber, and minerals, from colonies in the asia, particularly in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) to sustain industrial efforts.
- Hoped for surprise quick ‘knockout’ blow against the USA and rapid expansion southwards to conquer new territories, build up its economic resources and match US power.
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US Pacific Fleet had necessary sea and air power to control Asia-Pacific region and defend SEA. USA
did not think Japanese attack could reach without detection. - Japanese fleet travelled at radio silence for 11 days,.➔ 5/8 battleships sunk, aircrafts bombed, 2400 Americans dead. (December 1941)
3
Q
How did the impact of Great Depression and the need for self-suffiency lead to aggressive policies?
A
- Japan was hit hard due to its heavy reliance on trade and limited resources + GD brought about high number of unemployment which made destroy the livelihood of the Japanese
- Great Depression: Restrictive trading practices → difficult to obtain required raw materials from markets it did not directly control. Introduction of a range of tariffs by the US in the 1930s to protect its economy (Protectionism) hurt Japan’s export badly ➔ made Japan’s goods more expensive in the US resulting in a lower rate of exports ➔ No raw materials to run industries
- Convinced the Japanese Ultranationalist that Japan could not rely upon other countries’ imports to be self-sufficient ➔ needed to expand to get what it wanted. For instance:
- Control of nearby territories for supply of raw materials and resources.
- Control of Taiwan – Sugar.
- Korea annexed – Minerals & wheat, defend Japanese isles, land for growing population
4
Q
How did rise of militarism in Japan lead to aggressive policies?
A
- During the early 20th century, Japan’s ultranationalist military gained significant influence, driven by a belief in Japan’s destiny to remove Western powers from Asia and assert dominance
- Ultranationalist military commanders grew in prominence:
- Successes in conflicts with major world powers
- Increase in confidence in the military.
- Control of territories allowed building of own empire.
- Steered Japanese foreign policy towards expansionism, fueled Japan’s desire for equality and recognition amongst world powers ➔ removed WP from Asia and expand its rule over Asia
- Economic development (acquisition of Korea/Manchuria) encouraged further conquest.
- These successes were celebrated, and military service was increasingly seen as an honour, reinforcing the idea that Japan was destined for greater power.
5
Q
What was the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?
A
- This was a response towards USA who had imposed restrictive policies that damaged Japan’s ambitions and survival.
- As a result, they wanted to dominate whole of East Asia and SEA: Expel European colonial powers and established satellite states loyal to Japan in SEA.
- Many SE Asians discontented under colonial rule, desired independence. The Japanese promised to liberate them and to protect them, popular slogans ‘Asia for Asians’.
- Controlling this region provided the availability of important raw materials (rubber and oil from Malaya and Indonesia), crucial to military machine, lacking in Korea, Taiwan and Manchuria.➔
- Extension of Japanese Empire into SEA provided economic gains and supported Japan’s expansionist efforts.