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Pharmacology RUSVMCC > Factors Modifying Drug Disposition And Response > Flashcards

Factors Modifying Drug Disposition And Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are some ways species differences can affect drugs.

A 
Anatomical- ruminant or non rum.
Physiological
-carnivores acidic urine
-herbivores alkaline urine
Biochemical
-drug metabolizing enzymes 
-- cats are deficient in glucoronyl transferase.
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2
Q

What causes cardiovascular collapse in boxers?

A

Phenothiazines

Acepromazine

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3
Q

Collies are sensitive to _______, which can cause CNS depression, ataxia, tremor, salvation and coma.

A

Ivermectin

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4
Q

This drug, when given to Australian terriers caused no sedation/analgesia but does cause salivation, tachycardia, muscle tremors and convulsions.

A

Droperidol/fentanyl

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5
Q

Genetic factors can cause unwanted drug effects.

ABCB1 (formerly MDR1) gene deletion affects whom and how?

A

Collies- this gene normal encodes p-glycoprotein.
Mutation or deletion means less p-go produced
35%homozygous in North America

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6
Q

Genetic factors can cause unwanted drug effects.

C-15A SNP, what be that?

A

Mu-opioid receptor gene

OPRM1)- dysphoria (freaking out

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7
Q

How does gender/gestation affect drug stuff.

A

Women are complicated, and then they get pregnant and men should run and buy chocolate. But really, know what you can’t give during gestation.

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8
Q

Body condition score

A

When in doubt lower the dose, large amounts of fat can bind lipophilic drugs.

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9
Q

Young animal drug effects

A
  • decreased ME
  • inc. BBB permeability
  • dec. Plasma protein binding
  • inc. Total body water
  • susceptible to adverse effects.
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10
Q

Tetracyclines young animals and go!

A

Yellowing of teeth

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11
Q

Fluroquinolones young animals!

A

Cartilage damage

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12
Q

Glucocorticoids young animals

A

Premature closure of epiphysis

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13
Q

When does drug clearance reach adult capacity?

A

Not typically until 12 weeks of age.

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14
Q

Factors related to old animals.

A 
Dec. M&E
Dec. CO & hepatic blood flow
Chronic diseases
Changes in body composition
-dec. Lean body mass
-inc. Body fat
-dec. Total body water.
-dec plasma proteins
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15
Q

Liver disease drug effects

A

Decreased drug metabolism

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16
Q

Renal disease causes

A

Decreased drug excretion

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17
Q

Congestive heart failure causes

A

Decreases drug distribution and excretion

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18
Q

Calm animals need what kind of dosage on CNS depressants.

A

Lower doses than aggressive or excited animals

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19
Q

What is idiosyncratic drug reaction?

A

Unpredictable, abnormal, non dose dependent, requires drug withdrawal, caused by reactive metabolites and they can occur on first exposure!

Liver damage by griseofulvin in some cats

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20
Q

What are the three broad factors that relate to veterinary pharmacology

A

Factors related to
The animal
The drug
The environment

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21
Q

Hypersensitivity to drugs

A

Prior exposure is necessary
Cross sensitivity
Type 1 hypersensitivity( allergy and or anaphylaxis)

22
Q

What drugs are antigens?

A

Blood, plasma, protein hormones.

23
Q

What drugs are haptens

A

Penicillins sulfonamides aspirin

Drugs that are too small to directly bind to the antibody.

24
Q

What is tolerance

A

Gradual decrease in responsiveness to chronic drug administration.

25
Q

What is tachyphylaxis

A

Acute acquired tolerance

Ephedrine

26
Q

What are some pharmacokinetic mechanisms

A

Altered absorption of the drug
Enzyme induction (increased metabolism of the drug)
Increased active excretion of the drug

27
Q

What are some pharmacodynamic mechanisms?

A

Desensitization (receptor down-regulation)
Loss of receptor
Exhaustion of mediator

28
Q

Route of administration affects the drug. How?

A

IV- fastest onset short duration
PO- slow onset longer duration

Lidocaine- IV- antiarrhythmic
Locally- local anesthetic

29
Q

Food and drugs

A

Absorption rate is typically slower with food/fluid

30
Q

CNS stimulants, when do you give them?

A

More effective during the day

Circadian effects

31
Q

CNS depressants when do you give them

A

More effective at night

Circadian

32
Q

What is cumulative

A

Rate of elimination is slower than absorption
Digitalis
Phenylbutazone
Thiopental

33
Q

Beneficial drug on drug effects

A

Trimethoprim and sulfonamide

ACE inhibitor and thiazides diuretic

34
Q

Detrimental DRug on drug reactions

A

Aminoglycoside and muscle relaxant (and a lot of others as well)
Chloramphenicol and phenobarbital

35
Q

What is summation

A

Drug A+ Drug B= A+B

36
Q

What is synergism

A

Drug A + Drug B > A+B

37
Q

What is antagonism

A

Drug A+ Drug B

38
Q

What is chemical antagonism

A

Drugs react chemically to inactivate each other.

Tetracyclines and calcium

39
Q

Physiological antagonism

A

Drugs that work in different ways and have opposing effects that cancel each other out.

40
Q

Pharmacokinetic antagonism

A

One drug reduces the concentration of the other at its site of action by interfering with its ADME process.

41
Q

Receptor antagonism

A

One drug binds to a receptor and prevents the other drug from having its normal activity at that receptor.

42
Q

What is a pharmacokinetic drug on drug reaction?

A

Absorption

  • one drug can inhibit the absorption of another drug (SQ lidocaine and epi)
  • one drug can enhance the absorption of another (topical DMSO & griseofulvin)

Distribution
-binding site competition on plasma protein (warfarin and phenylbutazone)

43
Q

What are some enzyme inducers?

A

Phenobarbital, bute, rifampin, griseofulvin, kale

44
Q

What are some enzyme inhibitors?

A

Chloramphenicol, cimetidine, ketoconazole, grapefruit

45
Q

What are the factors modifying excretion?

A

Competition for carrier molecules (probenecid and penicillin)
Changes in urine pH
Acidic urine= inc excretion of weak bases
Alkaline urine= inc excretion of weak acids

46
Q

What’s an example of temperature modifying drugs?

A

At 122oF the solubility of procaine increases in Pen G procaine preparations. Don’t leave in pickup on a hot day.

47
Q

How does oxygen effect drugs?

A

Decreased ambient oxygen may worsen respiratory depression induced by pentobarbital.

48
Q

Why is humidity important?

A

Reconstituted drugs have varying half lives due to humidity. Amoxicillin

49
Q

Why is light important

A

Some drugs react to light

50
Q

Why is important to know what the drug can bind to?

A

Some drugs bind to different surfaces.

Pharmacology RUSVMCC (3 decks)

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