Factors causing Variations in low- middle- and high-income countries

Question 1

What is ‘safe water’?

Answer 1

Water NOT contaminated with disease-causing pathogens e.g. bacteria, viruses or chemicals = ‘safe for (human) consumption’

Question 2

Examples can use to take safe water to health outcomes

Answer 2

• Water borne disease e.g. cholera, typhoid, dysentery
• Time spent collecting water (esp. for women and children)
• Poor crops and livestock = less food for nutrition and/or less food for income

Question 3

Examples can use to take inequality and discrimination based on sex (being female) to health outcomes

Answer 3

• Exploitation e.g. trafficking into sex work
• Female genital cutting
• Domestic duties/water collection
• Forced marriage, childbearing, teenage pregnancy
• Access to food i.e. east least and last

Question 4

Examples can use to take poverty to health outcomes

Answer 4

Reduced ability to AFFORD:

• shelter - exposure to mosquitoes (malaria), animal attacks (injuries) etc.
• nutrition - e.g. iron deficiency anemia
• healthcare e.g. low access to condoms, antibiotics for infection
• education/low health literacy e.g. hand washing hygiene, sex sex practices re STIs
• Manual jobs leading to injuries, exhaustion, dehydration

Question 5

Examples can use to take sanitation to health outcomes

Answer 5

• Lack of flushing toilets = open defaecation leading to contaminated water
• Lack of segregated toilets = girls unable to attend school (esp. when menstruating)
• Lack of private toilets girls ‘hold on’ = infection and/or toilet at night = increase risk injuries from assault, animal attacks

Question 6

Examples can use to take global marketing and distribution to health outcomes

Answer 6

• Low education + Lack of regulations e.g. advertising laws, age limits = Double BoD
• Malnutrition as use little money on tobacco/alcohol as become addicted instead of e.g. food
• Land destruction by tobacco companies = less food/undernutrition and/or less income i.e. to afford edu, hc, etc.

Question 7

What is ‘sanitation’?

Answer 7

Removal of hazardous material from the environment e.g. flushing toilet for safe disposal of human waste,
and maintenance of hygienic conditions e.g. garbage collection.

Question 8

What is ‘poverty’?

Answer 8

Deprivation/lack of essential resources - limited ability to AFFORD e.g. food, shelter, clean water, healthcare, education.

Question 9

What is inequality and discrimination based on race?

Answer 9

A person is treated less favourably because of their race, colour, ancestry, nationality or ethnic background

Question 10

What is inequality and discrimination based on religion?

Answer 10

Treating a person or group less favorably because of their particular beliefs which they hold about religion

Question 11

What is inequality and discrimination based on sex?

Answer 11

Discrimination occurs as a result of a person’s biological features e.g. female.

Question 12

What is inequality and discrimination based on sexual orientation?

Answer 12

Discrimination as a result of who people are sexually and romantically attracted to e.g. lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, etc.

Question 13

What is global marketing and distribution?

Answer 13

Reduced barriers between countries allowing companies to promote and sell their products worldwide, increasing accessibility and consumption/use.

Question 14

What is inequality and discrimination based on gender identity?

Answer 14

Unfair treatment as a result of the gender that a person identifies as (which may be different to the sex assigned to them at birth) e.g. transgender, gender diverse/non-binary.

Question 15

Examples can use to take inequality and discrimination based on race and religion to health outcomes

Answer 15

• assault, abuse, mental illness from social exclusion
• forced to flee and live in foreign countries - less access to healthcare, edu, food, water, housing, social protection systems

Question 16

Examples can use to take inequality and discrimination based on gender identity and/or sexual orientation to health outcomes

Answer 16

Transgender and non-heterosexual individuals can experience:

• decreased access to appropriate health care
• discrimination in social settings e.g. community sports clubs
• may be denied employment

Question 17

What is discrimination?

Answer 17

The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people or groups based on certain characteristics.

Question 18

What is inequality?

Answer 18

Refers to a lack of the same or similar opportunities between individuals or populations. Relates to ‘social justice”

Question 19

What is extreme poverty defined as?

Answer 19

Relates to those living on less than PPP$2.15 per day

Question 20

What is relative poverty defined as?

Answer 20

Relates to those living on less than 50% of the country’s average income.

Question 21

Processed foods

Answer 21

Any food item not being sold in its original form i.e. deliberately changed before being made available to eat e.g. fried potato chips, donuts, soft drink.