Factors causing Variations in low- middle- and high-income countries Flashcards
What is ‘safe water’?
Water NOT contaminated with disease-causing pathogens e.g. bacteria, viruses or chemicals = ‘safe for (human) consumption’
Examples can use to take safe water to health outcomes
- Water borne disease e.g. cholera, typhoid, dysentery
- Time spent collecting water (esp. for women and children)
- Poor crops and livestock = less food for nutrition and/or less food for income
Examples can use to take inequality and discrimination based on sex (being female) to health outcomes
- Exploitation e.g. trafficking into sex work
- Female genital cutting
- Domestic duties/water collection
- Forced marriage, childbearing, teenage pregnancy
- Access to food i.e. east least and last
Examples can use to take poverty to health outcomes
Reduced ability to AFFORD:
- shelter - exposure to mosquitoes (malaria), animal attacks (injuries) etc.
- nutrition - e.g. iron deficiency anemia
- healthcare e.g. low access to condoms, antibiotics for infection
- education/low health literacy e.g. hand washing hygiene, sex sex practices re STIs
- Manual jobs leading to injuries, exhaustion, dehydration
Examples can use to take sanitation to health outcomes
- Lack of flushing toilets = open defaecation leading to contaminated water
- Lack of segregated toilets = girls unable to attend school (esp. when menstruating)
- Lack of private toilets girls ‘hold on’ = infection and/or toilet at night = increase risk injuries from assault, animal attacks
Examples can use to take global marketing and distribution to health outcomes
- Low education + Lack of regulations e.g. advertising laws, age limits = Double BoD
- Malnutrition as use little money on tobacco/alcohol as become addicted instead of e.g. food
- Land destruction by tobacco companies = less food/undernutrition and/or less income i.e. to afford edu, hc, etc.
What is ‘sanitation’?
Removal of hazardous material from the environment e.g. flushing toilet for safe disposal of human waste,
and maintenance of hygienic conditions e.g. garbage collection.
What is ‘poverty’?
Deprivation/lack of essential resources - limited ability to AFFORD e.g. food, shelter, clean water, healthcare, education.
What is inequality and discrimination based on race?
A person is treated less favourably because of their race, colour, ancestry, nationality or ethnic background
What is inequality and discrimination based on religion?
Treating a person or group less favorably because of their particular beliefs which they hold about religion
What is inequality and discrimination based on sex?
Discrimination occurs as a result of a person’s biological features e.g. female.
What is inequality and discrimination based on sexual orientation?
Discrimination as a result of who people are sexually and romantically attracted to e.g. lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, etc.
What is global marketing and distribution?
Reduced barriers between countries allowing companies to promote and sell their products worldwide, increasing accessibility and consumption/use.
What is inequality and discrimination based on gender identity?
Unfair treatment as a result of the gender that a person identifies as (which may be different to the sex assigned to them at birth) e.g. transgender, gender diverse/non-binary.
Examples can use to take inequality and discrimination based on race and religion to health outcomes
- assault, abuse, mental illness from social exclusion
- forced to flee and live in foreign countries - less access to healthcare, edu, food, water, housing, social protection systems
Examples can use to take inequality and discrimination based on gender identity and/or sexual orientation to health outcomes
Transgender and non-heterosexual individuals can experience:
- decreased access to appropriate health care
- discrimination in social settings e.g. community sports clubs
- may be denied employment
What is discrimination?
The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people or groups based on certain characteristics.
What is inequality?
Refers to a lack of the same or similar opportunities between individuals or populations. Relates to ‘social justice”
What is extreme poverty defined as?
Relates to those living on less than PPP$2.15 per day
What is relative poverty defined as?
Relates to those living on less than 50% of the country’s average income.
Processed foods
Any food item not being sold in its original form i.e. deliberately changed before being made available to eat e.g. fried potato chips, donuts, soft drink.
