Factors Affecting Quality And Style Flashcards
What does the skin of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Color, tannins, and flavor
What does the pulp of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Sugar, acids, water, and flavors
What do the stem and seeds of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Tannins
Which kind of grape has higher levels if color and tannins in the skin?
Red grapes
What does a vine require to grow?
Warmth
Sunlight
Water
Nutrients
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
What are the different stages of grape formation?
Flowering
Fruit set
Version
Ripening
What is extra ripening?
The process of leaving grapes on the vine past the point when they might normally be harvested, so that the sugars and acids are concentrated in the grapes.
Extra ripened grapes are often used to make sweet wines.
What is botrytis/noble rot?
A fungus that can grow on grapes which make tiny holes, causing the water to evaporate.
This has the effect of concentrating acids, sugars and flavors in grapes, which are then used to make sweet wine.
Why would a winemaker allow grapes to remain on the vine in winter and freeze?
To make ice wines.
What is the temperature range of cool-grape growing climates?
62 degrees F or below
What is the temperature range of moderate grape growing climates?
62-65 degrees F
What is the temperature range of warn grape growing climates?
65-70 degrees F
What changes occur in grapes as they ripen?
Grapes swell with water, acidity drops, sugar increases, flavors develop and tannins ripen.
How do the flavors of white grapes change as they ripen?
Flavors develop from green fruit to stone fruit and tropical fruit.
How do the flavors of red grapes change as they ripen?
Flavors develop from fresh fruit to cooked fruit.
What latitudes are most wine growing regions located between?
30-50 degrees N or S of the equator.
How does altitude influence growing conditions?
Temperature drops with altitude.
How does the proximity to seas influence growing conditions?
Ocean currents can cool warm regions and warm cool regions.
How does proximity to the rivers influence growing conditions? (3)
- Rivers reflect sunlight.
- Helps grapes to ripen.
- Retain warmth in cooler seasons, providing warmth to vineyards.
How do cloud, fog, and mist affect growing conditions? (1)
Reduce the exposure of vineyards to sunlight.
How does proximity to mountains affect growing conditions? (1)
Protect growing regions from clouds, rain and cold winds.
How does slope and aspect affect growing conditions? (2)
- Drainage
- In moderate and cool climates, vineyards sloped toward the equator (or rivers) receive more heat and light.
How does soil affect growing conditions?
- Soil stores water and nutrients.
- Stony soil can absorb heat and warm a vineyard at night.
What weather extremes can cause problems for grape growers? (5)
- Drought
- High or low temperatures
- Frost
- Hail
- High levels of rain
What are training and pruning?
Most vines are trained on trellises. Pruning ensures that vines retain their shape. Both are necessary to ensure the vine produces a viable crop.
What is irrigation?
Applying water in areas with lack of rainfall.
Why might a grape grower use chemical spray in the vineyard? (3)
Protect from…
1. Fungal diseases
2. Insects
3. Control weeds
What is yield?
The measure of the amount of fruit produced per unit of area.
What do GIs indicate outside the EU?
Where the grape was grown. Geopolitical Indication.
What do GIs indicate inside the EU?
Where the grape is grown, but with more regulations and restrictions about what grapes can be grown and how the wine should be made.
What are the two subdivisions of the GIs inside the European Union
Protected Designstion of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)
What is a PDO?
This term covers relatively small areas and have tightly defined regulations. Many of the most famous and prestigious wines in Europe are classified with this term.
What is a PGI?
PGIs typically cover much wider areas then PDOs and have less strict regulations compared with PDOs
What are two French terms for PDO?
Appellation d’origine protégée (AOP) and Appellation d’origine contrôlée (AOC)
What is the French term for PGI?
Indication geographique protégée (IGP)
What are two Italian terms for PDO?
Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) and Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG)
What is the Italian term for PGI ?
Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT)
What are the Spanish terms for PDO?
Denominación de Origen (DO) and Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa)
What is the Spanish term for PGI?
Vino de la Tierra
What are two German terms for PDO?
Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein
What is the German term for PGI?
Landwein
What does the term vieilles vignes indicate
This term means ‘old vines’ in French and this is sometimes seen on wine labels.
What does the term Late Harvest indicate?
It indicates that the grapes have not been harvested at the normal time, but have been left on the vine and picked much later.
What term indicates that the grapes have been affected by noble rot?
Botrytis/ Noble Rot
