factors affecting prejudice Flashcards
Who is the the theorist of the authoritarian personlaity?
Adorno et al
What does the authoritarian personality suggest?
Those brought up by a harsh parenting style develop authoritarianism traits. Children who are angered by their parents conditional love cannot express this hostility due to fear of punishment therefore select scapegoats
what is Allport’s authoritarianism personality?
authoritarians think in rigid ‘black & white’, they prefer to find solutions rather than ask further questions, they’re not necessarily prejudiced but are receptive to political arguments which target their inner fears and insecurities
what does Allport’s authoritarian personality say about people who experienced unconditional love?
they are confident and have an inner sense of security
they’re empathic and accepting
they think in shades of grey
What is Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)?
a personality trait linked to authoritarian submission, strong adherence to societal rules, authoritarian aggression and coventionalism
What is authoritarian submission in RWA?
a tendency to follow and defer to established authorities
what is authoritarian aggression in RWA?
hostility towards groups who violate societal norms
What is conventionalism in RWA?
strict belief in adhering to societal norms values and traditions
What is RWA a consequence of?
social learning (such as children being taught the world is a scary place
What is thought about people with high RWA is terms of prejudice?
they have prejudiced attitudes towards outgroups
What does social dominance orientation (SDO) say about people?
they’re people who are motivated to seek ingroup dominance + power + superiority
What do people high in SDO believe?
the world is a “competitive jungle” and in the natural superiority of certain groups over others
have to fight for limited resources and power
What are one of the traits of SDO?
tough-mindedness
Which gender is SDO more common in & why?
Men- developed through exposure to competitive environments
What are social norms (situational factor)?
they’re the unwritten rules about what is socially acceptable and desirable within specific social groups
Why do people follow the social norms created by their ingroup?
violation of them may lead to rejection
they wish to avoid rejection because group belonging is a strong motivator due to its link with self-esteem
What is a strength of social norms (situation) ?
Research by Akrami et al (2009) showed prejudice can be affected by situational factors like perceived social norms and threats
What did Ralph Minard show? (social norms + situation) (1952)
The difference between white and black coal miners in the US.
Below ground they were friendly (individuals identified as miners)
Above groups they held negative views towards each other (black and white seperation)
What is a weakness of social norms (situation)?
Akrami reported that personality factors had an influence on their results. Shows that a more interactionalist approach should be considered.
When does prejudice arise?
(competition and resource stress (situation))
if and when the ingroup perceive themselves to be in direct competition for scarce resources with someone other sailent group.
What is resource stress?
(competition and resource stress + situation)
Victoria Esses (2001) described the problem that occurs when people believe that commodities, such as jobs and money, are limited
What is the norm of intolerance (culture)?
John Baldwin (2017) states that all cultures are ethnocentric to a certain extent and may believe their culture is superior to others
What behaviour does Baldwin explain as micro-aggressions? (the norm of intolerance (2017))
behaviour as more accepting of diversity and tolerant of difference though often prejudice and discrimination exist in more subtle and covert ways.
How does Baldwin describe benevolent intolerances (the norm of intolerance (culture))?
ingroups behave differently towards outgroups and justify this as a kindly attempt to support people with a perceived lower status. In other cultures outward expression of prejudice towards certain groups may be accepted and even encouraged.
