Face, scalp, parotid, face, skull, palate

Question 1

Scalp layers

Answer 1

Skin
CT (dense)- vessels and nn.**
Aponeurosis epicranius (galea aponoeurotica)
Loose CT-plane of cleavage for injury, spread of infection
Pericranium- outer layer of skull bones

Question 2

GSA to scalp

Answer 2

Greater occipital 
C3 dorsal rami 
lesser occipital 
greater auricular 
V3, V2, V1

Question 3

blood supply to scalp

Answer 3

occipital, post auricular, superficial temporal

supraorbital, supratrochlear

Question 4

Occipitofrontalis

Answer 4

frontal and occipital bellies attached by epicranial aponeurosis
frontal belly elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead
occipital belly retracts the scalp, assists frontal belly in the surprised expression

Question 5

orbicularis oculi

Answer 5

orbital part, surrounds orbit and forcefully closes theeye
palpebral portion, within the eyelid, gently closes eye
lacrimal portion: within medial corner of eye, assists with lacrimal fluid drainage

Question 6

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 6

facial n. paralysis
paralysis of muscles of facial expression
facial asymmetry
drooping of lower eyelid causes drainage of tears and ulceration of eye
paralysis of O. oris causes saliva from the mouth
loss of buccinator leads to accumulation of food in the vestibule
impaired speech

Question 7

Ophthalamic nerve

Answer 7

V1
supplies embryonic frontonasal prominence
provides skin of forehead, upper eye, nose, orbit, eye
supratrochlear, supraorbital, lacrimal, infratrochlear, external nasal n.

Question 8

Maxillary n

Answer 8

V2
supplies the embryonic maxillary promience
provides skin of temporal region, upper cheek, lip and lower eyelid and ala of nose
zygomaticotemporal n. zygomaticofacial n. infraorbital n.

Question 9

mandibular n.

Answer 9

V3
embryonic mandibular prominence
lower cheek, lower lip,, chin
auriculotemporal, buccal, mental

Question 10

trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 10

sensory disorder of trigem n. which causes sudden , excruciating pain.
may be caused by demyelination, or compression by the superior cerebellar a.
division affected: V2>V3>V1

Question 11

Herpes zoster

Answer 11

virus that occupies the dorsal root ganglia or trigeminal ganglia.
most often affects V1 which can lead to scarring of cornea

Question 12

important things within the parotid duct

Answer 12

1) facial n.
2) retromandibular v.
3) ext carotid a.

must be saved during parotidectomy

Question 13

SNS innervation to parotid gland

Answer 13

pre cell bodies in T1-T4
post located in sup cervical ganglion
postganglionic fibers travel with the ext carotid n. to the parotid gland
vasomotor, makes secretion more watery
negligible effects if there is a dysfunction

Question 14

Fontanelles

Answer 14

soft spots allow for growth postnatally
allows skull to undergo molding during vaginal birth
flat bones grow together postnatally, but sutures remain flexible throughout childhood.

Question 15

craniosynostosis

Answer 15

results from premature fusion of cranial sutures
scaphocephaly (sagittal suture)- long and narrow
brachycephaly- (coronal suture) skull is short and wide

Question 16

frontonasal prominence

Answer 16

forehead-V1
bridge of nose and nasal septum
medial nasal prominences-apex of nose, philtrum of upper lip
lateral nasal prominences, ala of nose

Question 17

maxillary prominences

Answer 17

upper cheek -V2

lateral lip

Question 18

mandibular prominences

Answer 18

chin, lower cheek -V3
lower lip
part of ext ear

Question 19

nasal placodes

Answer 19

thickening of surface ectoderm on the frontonasal prominence and invaginates into nasal pits (which will make nasal cavity)

Question 20

medial nasal prominences

Answer 20

from mesenchyme surrounding nasal pits
pushed towards midline and fuse with one another
forms the intermaxillary segment-forms the tip of the nose, lateral nose, upper lip

midline cleft if the two medial prominences do not fuse

Question 21

nasolacrimal duct

Answer 21

maxillary prominence fuses with the lateral nasal prominence along the nasolacrimal groove
the nasolacrimal duct forms from ectoderm of nasolacrimal groove

lack of fusion causes oblique facial cleft

Question 22

nasal sac ectoderm

Answer 22

gives rise to CN I

part of the olfactory epithelium

Question 23

primary palate

Answer 23

during week 6, the primary palate forms from the intermaxillary segment
fuses with nasal septum above and lateral palatine shelves posteriorly

Question 24

secondary palate

Answer 24

lateral palatine shelves form from maxillary prominences
project inferomedially on either side of the tongue
migrate superior during wk 7 to fuse with each other, primary plate and nasal septum

ossification forms the anterior 2/3 of the palate
incisive foramen is the landmark b/w the primary and secondary plates

Question 25

anterior cleft

Answer 25

anterior to incisive foramen
complete extends thru lip, maxilla, to incisive fossa
caused by failure of maxillary prominence (intermax segment) fails to fuse with medial nasal prominence

Question 26

median cleft

Answer 26

failure of medial nasal prominences to merge

Question 27

posterior cleft

Answer 27

posterior to incisive foramen
lack of fusion of lateral palatine palates
cleft palate and or uvula

Question 28

oblique facial cleft

Answer 28

failure of maxillary processes to fuse with lateral nasal prominence
runs from mouth towards eye, results in nasolacrimal duct not being incorporated into face