Face, scalp, parotid, face, skull, palate Flashcards
Scalp layers
Skin
CT (dense)- vessels and nn.**
Aponeurosis epicranius (galea aponoeurotica)
Loose CT-plane of cleavage for injury, spread of infection
Pericranium- outer layer of skull bones
GSA to scalp
Greater occipital C3 dorsal rami lesser occipital greater auricular V3, V2, V1
blood supply to scalp
occipital, post auricular, superficial temporal
supraorbital, supratrochlear
Occipitofrontalis
frontal and occipital bellies attached by epicranial aponeurosis
frontal belly elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead
occipital belly retracts the scalp, assists frontal belly in the surprised expression
orbicularis oculi
orbital part, surrounds orbit and forcefully closes theeye
palpebral portion, within the eyelid, gently closes eye
lacrimal portion: within medial corner of eye, assists with lacrimal fluid drainage
Bell’s Palsy
facial n. paralysis
paralysis of muscles of facial expression
facial asymmetry
drooping of lower eyelid causes drainage of tears and ulceration of eye
paralysis of O. oris causes saliva from the mouth
loss of buccinator leads to accumulation of food in the vestibule
impaired speech
Ophthalamic nerve
V1
supplies embryonic frontonasal prominence
provides skin of forehead, upper eye, nose, orbit, eye
supratrochlear, supraorbital, lacrimal, infratrochlear, external nasal n.
Maxillary n
V2
supplies the embryonic maxillary promience
provides skin of temporal region, upper cheek, lip and lower eyelid and ala of nose
zygomaticotemporal n. zygomaticofacial n. infraorbital n.
mandibular n.
V3
embryonic mandibular prominence
lower cheek, lower lip,, chin
auriculotemporal, buccal, mental
trigeminal neuralgia
sensory disorder of trigem n. which causes sudden , excruciating pain.
may be caused by demyelination, or compression by the superior cerebellar a.
division affected: V2>V3>V1
Herpes zoster
virus that occupies the dorsal root ganglia or trigeminal ganglia.
most often affects V1 which can lead to scarring of cornea
important things within the parotid duct
1) facial n.
2) retromandibular v.
3) ext carotid a.
must be saved during parotidectomy
SNS innervation to parotid gland
pre cell bodies in T1-T4
post located in sup cervical ganglion
postganglionic fibers travel with the ext carotid n. to the parotid gland
vasomotor, makes secretion more watery
negligible effects if there is a dysfunction
Fontanelles
soft spots allow for growth postnatally
allows skull to undergo molding during vaginal birth
flat bones grow together postnatally, but sutures remain flexible throughout childhood.
craniosynostosis
results from premature fusion of cranial sutures
scaphocephaly (sagittal suture)- long and narrow
brachycephaly- (coronal suture) skull is short and wide
frontonasal prominence
forehead-V1
bridge of nose and nasal septum
medial nasal prominences-apex of nose, philtrum of upper lip
lateral nasal prominences, ala of nose
maxillary prominences
upper cheek -V2
lateral lip
mandibular prominences
chin, lower cheek -V3
lower lip
part of ext ear
nasal placodes
thickening of surface ectoderm on the frontonasal prominence and invaginates into nasal pits (which will make nasal cavity)
medial nasal prominences
from mesenchyme surrounding nasal pits
pushed towards midline and fuse with one another
forms the intermaxillary segment-forms the tip of the nose, lateral nose, upper lip
midline cleft if the two medial prominences do not fuse
nasolacrimal duct
maxillary prominence fuses with the lateral nasal prominence along the nasolacrimal groove
the nasolacrimal duct forms from ectoderm of nasolacrimal groove
lack of fusion causes oblique facial cleft
nasal sac ectoderm
gives rise to CN I
part of the olfactory epithelium
primary palate
during week 6, the primary palate forms from the intermaxillary segment
fuses with nasal septum above and lateral palatine shelves posteriorly
secondary palate
lateral palatine shelves form from maxillary prominences
project inferomedially on either side of the tongue
migrate superior during wk 7 to fuse with each other, primary plate and nasal septum
ossification forms the anterior 2/3 of the palate
incisive foramen is the landmark b/w the primary and secondary plates
anterior cleft
anterior to incisive foramen
complete extends thru lip, maxilla, to incisive fossa
caused by failure of maxillary prominence (intermax segment) fails to fuse with medial nasal prominence
median cleft
failure of medial nasal prominences to merge
posterior cleft
posterior to incisive foramen
lack of fusion of lateral palatine palates
cleft palate and or uvula
oblique facial cleft
failure of maxillary processes to fuse with lateral nasal prominence
runs from mouth towards eye, results in nasolacrimal duct not being incorporated into face
