Face, Scalp and Skull Flashcards by JT Cornelius

What is the portion of the skull making up the face?

Viscerocranium

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What is the viscerocranium derived from?

Pharyngeal arches which come from neural crest cells

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The portion of the skull that contains the brain and brainstem (meninges as well) would be what?

Neurocranium

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What are the parts of the neurocranium?

Cranial Base (basicranium): underlying the brain
Cranial Vault (calvaria): covers the brain
Sensory Capsules: bones encapsulating sensory organs

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What is Endochondral Ossification? Give an example(s)

Hyaline cartilage that is replaced by bone (Cranial Base = chondrocranium)

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What is Intramembranous Ossification? Give an example(s)

Bone tissue that directly replaces mesenchyme. (Calvaria, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, squamous portion of temporal bone)

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What is Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives (in relation to ossification)? Give example(s)

Neural crest cells that migrate into arches and from bone. (Malleus, incus, stapes, styloid process of temporal bone, hyoid bone)

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Pharyngeal Arch 1 becomes what bones?

Arch 1: Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic bone, malleus, and incus

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Pharyngeal Arch 2 becomes what bones?

Arch 2: Stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, and superior portion of the hyoid

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Pharyngeal Arch 3 becomes what bones?

Arch 3: Greater horn of hyoid and inferior portion of hyoid

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All of the cranial base is ossified except for what?

Nasal Septum and Spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS)

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What are the three modes of pistnatal growth?

Endochondral, Sutural, and Remodeling

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What is Endochondral growth?

Occurring at synchondroses, it is similar to epiphyses of long bones where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone

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What is Sutural growth?

Creation of bones in sutures

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What is remodeling growth?

Complex scouring and addition of bone to create a new surface

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Facial bones develop from what?

mesenchyme of pharyngeal arches

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What are the sinus of the skull

Sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal

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When do sinuses develop?

Birth: not present
1 year: Growth center present
2 years: Definitive sinuses

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When do the fontanelles close?

3 months: Posterior and anterolateral fontanelles
2 years: Anterior and posterolateral fontanelles

What are the types of Craniosynostoses?

Sagittal (Scaphocephaly): Premature closure of sagittal suture

Coronal: premature closure of one (anterior plagiocephaly) or both (brachycephaly) coronal sutures

Metopic (trigonocephaly): premature fusion of metopic suture

Lambdoid (posterior plagiocephaly): premature closure of lambdoid suture

What is the treatment for craniosynostosis?

Helmet that acts like the skull

What structures make up and are found in the Anterior Cranial Fossa?

Bones: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid
Brain: Frontal Lobe
Nerve: Olfactory Nerves
Structures: Orbit of the eyes just inferior

What structures make up and are found in the Middle Cranial Fossa?

Bones: Sphenoid and Temporal
Brain: Temporal Lobe
Arteries: Middle Meningeal Artery
Nerve: CN II, CN III, IV, V, VI
Structures: Cavernous Sinus, Pituitary Gland, and Hypothalamus

What structures make up and are found in the Posterior Cranial Fossa?

Bones: Temporal and Occipital
Brain: Cerebellum
Nerve: CN VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Structures: Brainstem (pons and medulla)

What are the muscles of facial expression?

Frontalis Orbicularis oculi Procerus Nasalis Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus Levator anguli oris orbicularis oris Risorius Mentalis Depressor Anguli oris Platysma Buccinator Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

What nerve innervates muscles of facial expression?

CN VII (Facial)

What is the pathway in which the facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

1. Brainstem 2. CN VII 3. Internal Acoustic Meatus 4. Geniculate Ganglion 5. Facial Canal 6. Stylomastoid Foramen 7. Muscles

What is the pathway in which the facial nerve innervates glands and tongue?

1. Brainstem 2. CN VII 3. Internal Acoustic Meatus 4. Middle Ear (chorda tympani) 5. Petrotympanic fissure 6. Lingual N (CN V) 7. Submandibular Ganglion 8. Taste of anterior 2/3 tongue and submandibular and sublingual glands

The Facial Nerve (CN VII) gives off what branches?

Posteriorly: Posterior Auricular Nerve Anteriorly: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical

Name the branches of the external carotid artery.

Superior thyroid artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Lingual artery Facial artery Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Maxillary artery Superficial temporal artery

The facial artery branches into what arteries?

Superior and inferior labial artery Angular Artery

What are the layers of the Scalp?

Skin Connective Tissue Aponeurosis (epicranial) Loose (areolar) connective tissue Periosteum (pericranium)

What veins drain into the external jugular vein?

Posterior auricular + Superficial temporal and auriculotemporal vein

The supraorbital and infraorbital veins drain deeply to the what?

Cavernous sinus (and the pterygoid plexus)

What is clinical relevant to the cavernous sinus?

Active site for infections to travel (meningitis)

What is the pathway of veinous drainage of the superficial scalp?

Scalp veins -> emissary veins -> dural venous sinus

Describe the cutaneous innervation of the face/scalp

V1 (ophthalmic n): Tip of nose and frontal bone V2 (Maxillary n): Lateral nose and cheek V3 (mandibular n): Mandible and anterior ear C2 (greater and lesser occipital): Greater posterior scalp and lesser is right behind ear

What are the branches of V1 that innervate the skin?

1. Supra-orbital 2. Supratrochlear 3. Lacrimal 4. Infratrochlear 5. External nasal

What are the branches of V2 that innervate the skin?

1. Infra-orbital 2. Zygomaticofacial 3. Zygomaticotemporal

What are the branches of V3 that innervate the skin?

1. Buccal 2. Mental 3. Auriculotemporal

Define Bell's Palsy

Paralysis of muscles of facial expression due to lesion or inflammation around facial nerve - might not have anterior 2/3 taste on tongue - might not have decreases secretion from glands - Will have loss of efferent limb of corneal reflux

What is the most common cause of Bell's Palsy?

Inflammation of nerve at the stylomastoid foramen

What is Herpes Zoster Oticus?

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome where the varicella zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion becomes active Symptoms: Otalgia (ear pain), auricular vesicles, peripheral facial paralysis

What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?

Mild to severe pain along the branch of the trigeminal nerve due to compression of nerve, sclerosis, tumors, ect...

The Herpes Zoster Virus (found in the dorsal root ganglion) can affect the trigeminal nerve. Which branch is most commonly affected?