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Human Structure Block 3 FA22 > Embryo of Head/Neck > Flashcards

Embryo of Head/Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Head and Neck Development occurs between what weeks?

A

4-10 weeks

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2
Q

The bones of the head can be divided into what?

A

Neurocranium and Viscerocranium

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3
Q

What does the Neurocranium form?

A

Bones of the cranial base and vault

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4
Q

The neurocranium is primarily derived from what?

A

Dermal bones (intermembranous ossification)

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5
Q

What is the Viscerocranium?

A

Bones of the face and pharyngeal arches

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6
Q

The viscerocranium is derived from what?

A

intermembranous and endochondral ossification (dermal and endochondral bones)

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7
Q

Describe a Fontanelle

A

Space between the bones of the skull in a fetus or newborn

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8
Q

Why do newborns have fontanelles?

A

Allows for more flexibility during birth

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9
Q

When will fontanelles close (be specific)?

A

Posterior fontanelle: 3 months
Anterior fontanelle: 15 months

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10
Q

What are pharyngeal arches (branches)?

A
  • Bilateral structures that develop off of the pharyngeal foregut
  • Will form many structures of the head and neck
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11
Q

How are pharyngeal arches numbered?

A

Arches 1-6 (Arch 5 does not appear in humans)

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12
Q

What supplies each pharyngeal arch?

A

Their own aortic arch vessel (derived from truncus arteriosus)

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13
Q

What is associated with each pharyngeal arch?

A
  1. Pharyngeal cleft (groove)
  2. Pharyngeal Pouch
  3. Pharyngeal Membrane
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14
Q

Describe Pharyngeal Cleft

A

External indentation in between two pharyngeal arches (4 in total)

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15
Q

Describe Pharyngeal Pouch

A

Internal indentation in between two pharyngeal arches (4 in total)

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16
Q

Describe Pharyngeal Membrane

A

Lining in between a pharyngeal groove and pharyngeal pouch (4 in total)

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17
Q

What is the name given to the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Mandibular arch

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18
Q

The 1st pharyngeal arch is split into what sections?

A

Upper Maxillary prominence
Lower Mandibular prominence

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19
Q

The 1st pharyngeal arch surrounds what structure?

A

Stomodeum (primordial mouth)

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20
Q

What germ layers are found in pharyngeal arches?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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21
Q

Describe the contents of pharyngeal arches (4)

A
  1. Aortic arch vessel
  2. Cranial nerve
  3. Muscle components (paraxial mesoderm)
  4. Cartilage (neural crest cells)
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22
Q

Where does the muscle come from in pharyngeal arches?

A

Paraxial Mesoderm

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23
Q

Where does cartilage come from in pharyngeal arches?

A

Neural Crest Cells

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24
Q

Cartilage in pharyngeal arches will contribute to what general structures?

A

Some Skeletal structures and ligaments in the head/neck

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25
Q

Describe the Nerve Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 1

A

Trigeminal (CN V): Maxillary prominence [V2] and mandibular prominence [V3]

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26
Q

Describe the Nerve Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 2

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

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27
Q

Describe the Nerve Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 3

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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28
Q

Describe the Nerve Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 4

A

Superior Laryngeal Branch of Vagus (CN X)

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29
Q

Describe the Nerve Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 6

A

Recurrent Laryngeal Branch of Vagus (CN X)

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30
Q

Describe the Muscle Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 1

A
  1. Muscles of Mastication
  2. Mylohyoid
  3. Digastric: Anterior Belly
  4. Tensor Tympani
  5. Tensor Veli Palatini
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31
Q

Describe the Muscle Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 2

A
  1. Muscles of Facial Expression
  2. Digastric: Posterior Belly
  3. Stylohyoid
  4. Stapedius
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32
Q

Describe the Muscle Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 3

A

Stylopharyngeus

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33
Q

Describe the Muscle Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 4

A
  1. Constrictors of Pharynx
  2. Cricothyroid
  3. Levator Veli Palatini
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34
Q

Describe the Muscle Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 6

A

Intrinsic muscles of larynx

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35
Q

Describe the Cartilaginous Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 1

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Anterior Ligament of Malleus
  4. Sphenomandibular Ligament
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36
Q

Describe the Cartilaginous Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 2

A
  1. Stapes
  2. Styloid Process
  3. Lesser Horn of Hyoid
  4. Upper Body of Hyoid
  5. Stylohyoid Ligament
37
Q

Describe the Cartilaginous Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 3

A
  1. Greater Horn of Hyoid
  2. Lower Body of Hyoid
38
Q

Describe the Cartilaginous Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 4

A

Laryngeal Cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages)

39
Q

Describe the Cartilaginous Derivative: Pharyngeal Arch 6

A

Laryngeal Cartilages (same as arch 4)

40
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch 1 forms what?

A
  1. Tympanic Cavity of middle ear
  2. Auditory (eustacian) tube
41
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch 2 forms what?

A

Palatine Tonsil

42
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch 3 forms what?

A
  1. Dorsal portion: inferior parathyroid gland
  2. Ventral portion: left and right pouches fuse to be thymus gland
43
Q

Pharyngeal Pouch 4 forms what?

A
  1. Dorsal Portion: superior parathyroid gland
  2. Ventral Portion: forms ultimobranchial body
44
Q

What does the Embryonic structure ultimobranchial body become?

A

Parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid

45
Q

1st Pharyngeal Cleft and Membrane forms what?

A

Cleft: External auditory meatus
Membrane: Tympanic membrane

46
Q

2nd - 4th Pharyngeal Cleft and Membrane form what?

A

Cleft: Cervical Sinus (will eventually overgrow)
Membrane: No adult structures

47
Q

(T/F) Ectopic Superior Parathyroid Glands occur when the 2nd pharyngeal pouch fails to properly migrate.

A

False. The 4th pouch would have failed to migrate

48
Q

(T/F) Ectopic Thymus Glands occur when the ventral 3rd pouch fails to migrate

A

True

49
Q

Craniofacial problems can occur when what structure does not migrate?

A

Neural Crest Cells

50
Q

What substances can cause neural crest cells to not migrate properly during development?

A

Alcohol and retinoic acid (Vitamin A) [known as craniofacial teratogens]

51
Q

What physical characteristics occur when neural crest cells fail to migrate to the head and neck?

A

Hypoplasia of mandible, facial defects, malformed ears

52
Q

What disease has been associated with craniofacial abnormalities?

A

Zika virus has shown neural crest cell migration errors

53
Q

What is a cervical cyst?

A

A remnant of the cervical sinus that can appear anywhere along the anterior/parallel to the SCM.

54
Q

What types of cervical fistulas are there?

A

External and Internal

55
Q

Define Internal Cervical Fistula

A

Opening that extends into the pharynx

56
Q

Define External Cervical Fistula

A

Opening that extends outside the neck

57
Q

Where does the tongue begin development?

A

Floor of the pharynx from the 1st four pharyngeal arches and occipital somites

58
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal arch form in relation to the tongue?

A

Median tongue bud (medial lingual swellings) and two distal tongue buds (lateral lingual swellings) which overgrow the medial tongue bud

59
Q

What do the medial and lateral tongue swellings form and what is the innervation?

A

Mucosa of the anterior 2/3 tongue
Nerve: V3

60
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal arch form in relation to the tongue?

A

Copula (which does get overgrown)

61
Q

What does the copula do? What is the innervation?

A

Taste from anterior 2/3 tongue
Nerve: Chorda tympani branch of CN VII (facial nerve)

62
Q

What does the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch form?

A

Hypopharyngeal (hypobranchial) eminence

63
Q

What does the Hypopharyngeal Eminence do?
(Bonus: Where does it come from)

A

Forms the mucosa of the posterior 1/3 tongue and receives taste/general sensory from the region via CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

(Bonus: 3rd and 4th Pharyngeal Arches)

64
Q

What do occipital somites form? Innervation?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue and “most” extrinsic tongue muscles (palatoglossal is not)

CN XII (Hypoglossus)

65
Q

Where does the thyroid gland begin formation?

A

Thyroid bud (primordium) from between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue

66
Q

After formation of the Thyroid Bud (Primordium), what happens next?

A

The bud migrates (descends) down the developing neck

67
Q

Where does the Thyroid bud remain connected during development?

A

Floor of the pharynx via the thyroglossal duct

68
Q

After the thyroglossal duct fuses, what is the only remnant left?

A

Pit of the tongue called the foramen cecum

69
Q

What is it called when the thyroid gland is found in areas it typically should not be?

A

Ectopic Thyroid Gland

70
Q

What is it called when an individual has a fluid-filled sac formed from remnants of the throglossal duct?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

71
Q

What is it called when an individual has a canal that connects a thyroglossal duct cyst to the outside of the neck?

A

Thryoglossal fistula

72
Q

What is it called when an individual has thyroid tissue that extends superiorly from the isthmus of thyroid?

A

Pyramidal lobe (remanent of thyroglossal duct)

73
Q

What swellings/prominences form around the stomodeum that form the face?

A
  1. Frontonasal prominence
    2 & 3. Maxillary prominence
    4 & 5. Mandibular Prominence
74
Q

The frontonasal prominence is derived from what tissue?

A

Mesenchyme

75
Q

What develops off the frontonasal prominence?

A

Nasal placode

76
Q

What do nasal placodes develop into?

A

Nasal pit and raised tissue on either side of the pit (medial and lateral nasal process)

77
Q

Once the Nasal processes form, what happens?

A

They will fuse and become the intermaxillary segment

78
Q

What does the intermaxillary segment form (prior to fusing with the maxillary process)

A
  1. Philtrum
  2. Premaxilla (part of maxilla with incisors)
  3. Primary Palate (anterior triangular part)
79
Q

The intermaxillary segment will fuse with what?

A

Maxillary process

80
Q

The Intermaxillary segment fuses with the maxillary process to form what?

A

Upper lip and jaw

81
Q

How is the palate formed?

A

Fusion of the primary palate (formed from intermaxillary segment) and the secondary palate

82
Q

How is the secondary palate formed?

A

Fusion of the left and right palatine shelves that grow off the maxillary prominences

83
Q

What does the secondary palate form prior to fusion with primary palate?

A

Posterior hard palate and all of the soft palate

84
Q

In what direction does the palatine shelves fuse?

A

Anterior - posterior

85
Q

Define a Cleft Lip (in relation to Embryology)

A

Failure of the maxillary prominences to fuse with the intermaxillary segment

86
Q

A cleft lip is most common in who?

A

Males

87
Q

Define a Cleft Palate (in relation to Embryology)

A

Failure of palatine shelves to fuse

88
Q

A cleft palate is most common in who?

A

Females

Human Structure Block 3 FA22 (9 decks)

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