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Anatomy > face, cranial cavity and CNS > Flashcards

face, cranial cavity and CNS Flashcards

1
Q

neurocranium

A
  • cranial vault
    Function: bony covering of the brain & meninges
    Composed of: calvaria (flat bones), cranial base
    Eight bones- frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, 2 temporal, 2 parietal
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2
Q

viserocranium

A
  • facial skeleton
  • made up of facial bones
  • 15 irregular bones: mandible, ethmoid, vomer, 2 maxilla, 2 inferior nasal concha, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal bones
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3
Q

5 layers of Scalp

A 
S- skin
C- connective tissue
A- aponerosis (tendinous sheet)
L- Loose connective tissue
P- Pericranium- (dense layer of connective tissue)
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4
Q

Dura mater

A

tough, thick, external fibrous layer of the cranial meninges

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5
Q

Cerebral falx

A

infolding dura separating right & left cerebral hemispheres

  • shape: sickle shaped
  • location: midline
  • orientation: verticle
  • attachments: anterior- crista galli; posterior- internal occipital protuberance
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6
Q

Cerebellar tentorium

A

separates occipital lobes of cerebrum

  • -function: supports occipital lobes of cerebrum
  • shape: sickle shaped
  • location: superior to cerebellum
  • orientation: horizontal
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7
Q

Cerebellar falx

A

separates cellebellar hemispheres

  • small, midline
  • extends from tentorium cerebella to foramen magnum
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8
Q

sensory nerves going to dura

A
  • all divisions of CN V (trigeminal) & C1-C3
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9
Q

anterior meningeal branches come from

A

internal carotid

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10
Q

middle meningeal arteries come from

A

maxillary artery

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11
Q

posterior meningeal arteries come from

A

vertebral artery & occipital artery

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12
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • thin, intermediate layer;

- cobweb like;

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13
Q

pia mater

A
  • delicate, internal visceral layer

- cannot be dissected from nervous system

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14
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • filled with CSF which acts like a shock absorber

SUBARACHNOID space BTWN pia & arachnoid mater

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15
Q

cerebrum

A
  • right and left hemispheres are divided by the cerebral falx
  • four lobes per hemisphere: frontal, parietal, temporal & occipital
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16
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • from frontal pole to central sulcus
  • lies mostly within anterior cranial fossa
  • inferior part has olfactory nerve attached at olfactory plate
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17
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • central, lateral parietooccipital sulci delimit it
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18
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • from temporal pole
  • lies mostly in middle cranial fascia
  • separated from other lobes by lateral sulcus
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19
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • from occipital lobe to parietooccipital sulcus medially

- lies on tentorium cerebelli

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20
Q

diencephalon

A

composed of epithalamus, thalamus & hypothalamus

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21
Q

cerebellum

A
  • below tentorium cerebella
  • located in posterior cranial fossa
  • has 2 lateral cerebellar hemisphere
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22
Q

Brainstem

A

broken up into 3 parts: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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23
Q

midbrain

A
  • part of brainstem
  • lies at junction of posterior & middle cranial fossa
  • deep central depression is interpeduncular fossa
  • CN III & IV ( occulomotor & trochlear)
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24
Q

pons

A
  • part of brainstem
  • has transverse fibers
  • lies in anterior part of posterior cranial fascia
  • CN V (trigeminal)
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25
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • part of brainstem
  • starts at foramen magnum
  • externally similar to spinal cord - internally has major reorganization of grey and white matter
  • rests on the basilar part of occipital bone
  • CN IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (cranial accessory) & XII (hypoglossal)
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26
Q

nerves coming off of the pons-medulla junction

A
  • CN VI, VII, VIII (abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear)
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27
Q

Ventricular system of the brain

A

allows for us to bring CSF from choroid plexus (where it is made) down to the central canal of the spinal cord so it can be circulated around

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28
Q

choroid plexus

A

where CSF is made

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29
Q

Two lateral ventricles of the ventricular system of brain

A
  • located in cerebral hemisphere
  • extends into temporal and occipital lobes
  • 2 interventricular foramina (of Monroe) connect them to the third ventricle
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30
Q

pathway of cerebral spinal fluid to spinal cord (VENTRICULAR SYSTEM OF BRAIN)

A

choroid plexus –>
two lateral ventricles –>
foramen of monroe (IV foramina) –>
3rd ventricle (located within the diancephalon) –>
cerebral aqueduct –>
4th ventricle –>
3 pathways (2 foramina of luschka [laterally] & foramen of magendie [central] –>
Openings to the subarachnoid space (spinal cord)

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31
Q

foramen of monroe

A

connect the 2 lateral ventricles to the third ventricle (within the ventricular system of the brain)

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32
Q

third ventricle (of the ventricular system of brain)

A
  • in diencephalons
  • narrow, slitlike
  • connected to the fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
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33
Q

cerebral aquaduct

A
  • connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
  • passes through midbrain
  • long, small diameter of central passage
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34
Q

fourth ventricle (of the ventricular system of brain)

A
  • diamond shaped floor
  • below cerebellum
  • leads into central cavity of medulla
  • roof is thin, has 3 openings into subarachnoid space
    (1 foramen magendie [central] & 2 foramina of Luschka [lateral])
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35
Q

Foramen of Magendie

A

One of three openings into the subarachnoid space (of spinal cord) from the fourth ventricle of the ventricular system of brain

–> runs centrally

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36
Q

Foramen of Luschka

A

Two of the three openings into the subarachnoid space (of spinal cord) from the fourth ventricle of the ventricular system of the brain

–> runs laterally

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37
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • total volume: about 130 mL
  • circulates in subarachnoid space of brain & spinal cord
  • enters subarachnoid space from fourth ventricle
  • replaced every 24 hrs
    returns to the venous system through arachnoid granulations
  • supplies the spinal cord with nutrients
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38
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

returns the CSF to the venous system

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39
Q

Internal Carotid Arteries

A
  • provides majority of arterial supply to brain
  • terminal branches of common carotid arteries at disk of C3 - C4
  • enter cranial cavity through carotid canals
    splits into: middle cerebral artery & an anterior cerebral artery
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40
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A
  • smaller terminal branch
  • travels anteriorly
  • anterior communicating artery - connects the two anterior cerebral arteries – allows for them to communicate with each other
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41
Q

middle cerebral artery

A
  • larger terminal branch
  • runs deep in lateral sulcus
  • gives branches to deep structures and cortex of cerebral hemispheres
  • most common type of infarct occurs here (MCA stroke)
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42
Q

anterior communicating artery

A

connects the 2 anterior cerebral arteries which run lateral to each other

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43
Q

Vertebral arteries

A
  • provides atrial supply to posterior aspect of brain— cerebellum, occipital lobes, etc.
  • branches of subclavian arteries
  • pass through the foramen magnum
  • there are 2 vertebral arteries – give off 3 branches before coming together
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44
Q

posterior spinal artery & anterior spinal artery

A
  • branch off of vertebral artery

- runs the length of the cord and provides atrial supply to the cord itself

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45
Q

Basilar artery

A
  • forms when the 2 vertebral arteries join
  • occurs at the caudal border of the pons
  • provides atrial supply to cerebellum & pons
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46
Q

Branches of the vertebral artery

A
  • give off branches: posterior spinal artery, anterior spinal artery (these both run the length of the cord & provide arterial supply to the cord itself)
    & posterior inferior cerebellar artery (provides atrial supply to cerebellum)
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47
Q

Branches of basilar artery

A
  • pontine branches (provide all of the atrial supply to the pons)
  • anterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • superior cerebellar artery
  • posterior cerebral artery (2)
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48
Q

posterior cerebral artery

A

branches of basilar artery

  • supplies lower surface, temporal lobe & occipital lobe
  • where the basillar branches will terminate
  • Posterior communicating arteries (2) come off of it to the internal carotid artery
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49
Q

Circle of Willis

A
  • anastomosis between 2 vertebral & 2 internal carotid arteries at the base of the brain
  • location: at base of diencephalons and midbrain
  • encircles optic chiasm
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50
Q

Parts of the Circle of Willis

A
  • posterior cerebral artery
  • posterior communicating artery
  • internal carotid artery
  • anterior cerebral artery
  • anterior communicating artery
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51
Q

muscles of facial expression

A
  • attach to skin
  • no deep fascia
  • thin, flat
  • named for their actions or attachments
  • all have same embryonic origin- hyoid arch
  • all innervated by same nerve - CN VII
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52
Q

muscles of fascial expression

A
  • origin: some from bone, some from muscles & fascia
  • insertion: skin
  • function: smile, frown, blink, close eyelids, close lips
  • innervation CN VII (facial nerve)
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53
Q

sphincter facial expression muscles

A
  • orbicularis oculi

- orbicularis oris

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54
Q

facial muscles associated with mouth

A
  • zygomaticus major & minor
  • levator labii superioris
  • levator angularis oris
  • depressor labii inferioris
  • depressor anguli oris
  • risorius
  • buccinator
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55
Q

facial muscle associated with nose

A

compressor naris

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56
Q

facial muscle associated with ear

A

anterior, superior & posterior auricular

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57
Q

facial muscle associated with neck

A

platysma

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58
Q

facial muscles associated with scalp

A

frontalis & occipitalis

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59
Q

occipitofrontalis (occipital part)

A

origin- superior nuchal line & mastoid process
insertion- galea aponeurotica
function- draws scalp up & back, raising the eyebrows
innervation- Facial nerve CN VII

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60
Q

occipitofrontalis (frontal part)

A

origin- superficial fascia, no bony attachments

insertion- galea aponeurotica & skin of eyebrows & root of nose

function- draws scalp up & back, raising the eyebrows

Innervation- CN VII facial nerve

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61
Q

orbicularis oculi (orbital)

A

origin- frontal bone
insertion - near muscles
function- rising of lower eyelid
Innervation- CN VII facial nerve

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62
Q

orbicularis oculi (palpebral)

A

origin- medial palperal ligament
insertion- lateral palpebral raphe
function- closes eyelid in blinking & sleep
innervation- CN VII facial nerve

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63
Q

orbicularis oculi (lacrimal)

A

origin- lacrimal fascia & bone
insertion- superior & inferior tarsi of eyelids
function- draws eyelids and lacrimal canals medially to receive tears
innervation- CN VII facial nerve

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64
Q

orbicularis oris

A

origin- no facial attachments: composite muscle with contributions from other mouth muscles

insertion- modiolus & labial connective tissue

function- closes lips; protrudes lips; holds lips tight against teeth; shapes lips for sound & speech

innervation- CN VII facial nerve

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65
Q

Buccinator

A

origin- maxilla & mandible; pterygomandibular raphe

insertion- modiolus, submucosa of cheeks and lips

function- compresses cheek against teeth; expels air when cheeks are distended; acts in mastication to control passage of food

innervation- CN VII facial nerve

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66
Q

Platysma

A

origin- subcutaneous tissue of infraclavicular & supraclavicular regions

insertion- base of mandible, skin of cheek and lower lip
function- depresses mandible; teases skin of inferior face & neck
innervation- CN VII facial nerve

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67
Q

Course of facial nerve

A

1) arises from brain
2) leaves posterior cranial fossa through auditory meatus
3) travels in temporal lobe
4) leaves skull through stylomastoid foramen (here it gives a few small branches)
5) enters parotid gland
6) in gland it divides, forms a plexus & splits off into 5 sets of motor branches

68
Q

temporal branch of facial nerve goes to:

A

to frontalis, orbicularis oculi, superior & anterior auricular

69
Q

zygomatic branch of facial nerve goes to:

A

to orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major & minor

70
Q

buccal branch of facial nerve goes to

A

to buccinator, legators of upper lip, orbicularis oris

71
Q

marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve goes to

A

to orbicularis oris & depressors

72
Q

cervical branch of facial nerve goes to

A

to platysma

73
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the face

A

trigeminal nerve (V)
V1- opthalmic nerve
V2- maxillary nerve
V3- mandibular nerve

74
Q

opthalmic nerve

A
  • V1 (from trigeminal nerve)
  • provides cutaneous innervation of superior face
  • goes through superior orbital fissure
  • divisions: external nasal, infratrochlear, supratrochlear (supplies forehead medially), supraorbital, lacrimal
75
Q

Maxillary nerve

A
  • V2 from trigeminal nerve
  • goes through foramen rotundum
  • provides cutaneous innervation to middle of face

DIVISIONS:

  • infraorbital (through infraorbital foramen)
  • zygomaticofacial (through zygomaticofacial foramen on lateral zygomatic bone)
  • zygomaticotemporal (through zygomaticotemporal foramen on medial temporal bone)
76
Q

Mandibular nerve

A
  • V3 mandibular nerve
  • cutaneous innervation to lower aspect of the face & (also for motor innervation for mastication)

DIVISIONS:

  • auriculotemporal
  • buccal
  • mental - through mental foramen
77
Q

Motor innervation to face

A
  • facial nerve (CN VII) – to the muscles of facial expression
  • motor of CN V- V3 – mandibular nerve – to the muscles of mastication
78
Q

ORIGIN AT EXTERNAL CAROTID for vasculature of face & scalp (name of artery & where distributed to)

A
  • facial artery: dist to- muscles of facial expression & face
  • occipital artery: distributed to- scalp of back of head
  • superficial temporal artery: distributed to- facial muscles & skin of frontal and temporal regions
79
Q

Parotid gland

A
  • largest of 3 paired salivary glands
  • extends from zygomatic arch to inferior border of mandible and deep to mandible
  • overlies masseter muscle
80
Q

parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

- produces thin, watery saliva

81
Q

sympathetic innervation of parotid gland

A
  • external carotid nerve plexus

- reduces secretion from parotid gland

82
Q

orbit

A
  • pyramidal, bony cavities

- contain & protect eyeballs, their muscles, nerves & vessels, and lacrimal apparatus

83
Q

borders of the orbit

A
  • superior: orbital part of frontal bone
  • medial: ethmoid bone
  • lateral: frontal process of zygomatic arch & greater wing of sphenoid
  • inferior: maxilla & part of zygomatic & palentine bones
  • apex: at optic canal in lesser wing
84
Q

lacrimal glands

A
  • secrete tears

- innervated by facial nerve

85
Q

lacrimal ducts

A

convey tears from lacrimal glands to conjuctival sac

86
Q

lacrimal canaliculi

A

convey lacrimal fluid from lacrimal lake to lacrimal sac

87
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

convey lacrimal fluid to nasal cavity

why nose runs when crying

88
Q

parasympathetic stimulation for the production of lacrimal fluid

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

89
Q

vertical axis of eyeball movement

A

abduct & adduct

90
Q

transverse axis of eyeball movement

A

elevation & depression

91
Q

anteroposterior axis

A

intorsion & extorsion (allows to tilt head to side & still have upright position

92
Q

3 layers of eyeball

A

1) fibrous layer- outer coat
- — contains- sclera & cornea
2) vascular later/uvea - middle coat
- — contains- choroid, ciliary body, iris
3) inner layer - inner coat
- — contains- retina, macula

93
Q

sclera

A
  • posterior 5/6th of the eyeball (part of the outer coat - fibrous layer)
  • no cutaneous innervation
94
Q

cornea

A
  • anterior 1/6th of eye
  • primary refractor of light
  • part of outer coat/fibrous layer
  • supplied by opthalmic nerve CN V1
95
Q

choroid

A
  • between sclera & retina, vascular layer of eye

- part of the middle coat (uvea/vascular layer)

96
Q

ciliary body

A
  • part of middle coat of eye (uvea/vascular layer)
  • connects choroid with circumference of iris
  • for lens attachment & controls shape of lens
97
Q

iris

A
  • part of middle coat of eye (uvea/vascular layer)
  • contains the pupil
  • parasympathetic: sphincter pupillae
  • sympathetic: dialator pupillae
98
Q

retina

A
  • part of inner layer/inner coat
  • has rods & cones for vision
  • there is also a non visual sc
99
Q

macula lutea

A
  • part of retina

- fovea centralis - central vision comes from here (mostly rods*)

100
Q

optic part of retina neural layer

A

light receptive

101
Q

optic part of retina pigment cell layer

A

reduces scattering of light in eyeball

102
Q

fundus

A

internal part of eye

contains optic disk & macula luna (fovea centralis)

103
Q

optic disk

A
  • “blind spot” of the eye – in the retina but contains no rods or cones
  • area where the ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve
104
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • provides nutrients for cornea and lens
105
Q

lens

A
  • transparent biconvex structure

- contraction of ciliary muscle

106
Q

vitreous humor

A

watery fluid, holds retina in place & supports lens

107
Q

levalor palpebrae superioris

A

ORIGIN- Lesser wing of sphenoid bone & roof of orbital cavity
INSERTION- superior tarsus & skin of superior eye lid
FUNCTION- raises upper eyelid
INNERVATION- oculomotor nerve (CN III)

108
Q

rectus superior

A

ORIGIN- common tendinous ring
INSERTION- sclera posterior to cornea
FUNCTION- elevates, adducts & medially rotates eye
INNERVATION- oculomotor nerve (CN III)

109
Q

rectus inferior

A

ORIGIN- common tendinous ring
INSERTION- sclera posterior to cornea
FUNCTION- depress, adducts & laterally rotates eye
INNERVATION- oculomotor nerve (CN III)

110
Q

rectus medialis

A

ORIGIN- common tendinous ring
INSERTION- sclera posterior to cornea
FUNCTION- adducts eyeball
INNERVATION- oculomotor nerve (CN III)

111
Q

rectus lateralis

A

ORIGIN- common tendinous ring
INSERTION- sclera posterior to cornea
FUNCTION- adducts eyeball
INNERVATION- abducent nerve (CN VI)

112
Q

obliquus superior oculi

A

ORIGIN- Body of sphenoid
INSERTION- sclera deep to superior rectus
FUNCTION- rotates the visual axis downward
INNERVATION- trochlear nerve (CN IV)

113
Q

obliquus inferior oculi

A

ORIGIN- maxilla
INSERTION- sclera deep to lateral rectus
FUNCTION- rotates visual upward
INNERVATION- occulomotor nerve (CN III)

114
Q

vascularature of orbit

A
  • primarily from opthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid artery)
  • infraorbital artery (branch of external carotid artery)
115
Q

temporal fossa

A 
- location of most temporal muscles
BOUNDARIES
lateral wall: ramus of mandible
anterior wall: maxilla
medial wall: lateral pterygoid plate
roof- greater wing of sphenoid
116
Q

infratemporal fossa

A
  • deep & inferior to zygomatic arch, deep to ramus of the mandible & posterior to maxilla
117
Q

temporalis

A

muscle of mastication
ORIGIN- temporal bone & temporal fossa
INSERTION- coronoid process & ramus of mandible
FUNCTION- elevate mandible to close mouth & retract mandible
INNERVATION- trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch- CN V3

118
Q

masseter

A

muscle of mastication
ORIGIN- zygomatic arch & maxillary process of zygomatic bone
INSERTION- ramus of mandible
FUNCTION- elevates mandible
INNERVATION- trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (CN V3)

119
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

muscle of mastication
ORIGIN- greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
INSERTION- mandible and temporomandibular joint
FUNCTION-
bilateral action: protracts mandible & depresses chin
unilateral action: swings jaw to contralateral side
INNERVATION- trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (CN V3)

120
Q

medial pterygoid

A

muscle of mastication
ORIGIN- lateral pterygoid plate, palentine bone & tuberosity of maxilla
INSERTION- ramus of mandible
FUNCTION- elevates mandible to close jaw, protrudes mandible
INNERVATION- trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch CN V3

121
Q

vasculature of temporal region (muscles of mastication)

A

external carotid artery to maxillary artery
THREE DIVISIONS OF BRANCHES with a bunch of different arteries branching from them
—> second branch = motor

122
Q

1st branch of maxillary artery (vascularation of temporal region)

A
  • deep auricular artery: supplies external acoustic meatus
  • anterior tympanic artery: supplies tympanic membrane
  • middle meningeal artery: supplies dura mater and calavaria
  • accessory meningeal artery: supplies cranial mater
  • inferior alveolar artery: supplies mandible, gums, teeth and floor of mouth
123
Q

2nd branch of maxillary artery (vascularation of temporal region)

A

MOTOR BRANCHES
- deep temporal artery - supplies temporal muscle

  • pterygoid artery: supply pterygoid muscle
  • masseteric artery: supply masseter muscle
  • buccal artery: supply buccinator muscle & cheek mucosa
124
Q

3rd branch of maxillary artery (vascularation of temporal region)

A
  • posterior superior alveolar artery: supply maxillary molar & premolar teeth
  • infraorbital artery: supplies inferior eyelid, lacrimal sac, infraorbital region of face, side of nose, upper lip
  • descending palantine artery: supply mucous membrane and gland of palate
  • artery of pterygoid canal: supply superior pharynx, auditory tube, and tympanic cavity
  • pharyngeal artery: supply roof of pharynx, sphenoidal spins, interior pharyngotympanic tube
  • sphenopalantine artery: supply lateral nasal wall, nasal septum, and paranasal sinuses
125
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A
  • modified hinge type of synovial joint
  • permits movement in 3 planes
    INVOLVES-
    —–> head of mandible
    —–> articular tubercle of temporal bone
    —–> mandibular fossa
126
Q

Oral vestibule

A
  • communicates with the exterior through the mouth

- size of oral fissure opening is controlled by muscles

127
Q

Oral cavity proper

A
  • space posterior & medial to the upper and lower dental arches
  • limited anterior and laterally by maxillary and mandibular alveolar arches
  • roof formed by the palate
  • posteriorly communicates with the oropharynx
128
Q

upper lip innervated by

A

CN V2 - trigeminal nerve, maxillary branch

129
Q

lower lip innervated by

A

CN V3- trigeminal nerve, mandibular branch

130
Q

Hard palate

A

anterior

  • separates anterior part of oral cavity from the nasal cavity
  • formed by palatine processes of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones
131
Q

soft palate

A

posterior

  • separates the posterior part of the oral cavity from the nasopharynx
  • uvula- conical process on posterior soft palate
132
Q

tensor veli palatini

A

tenses soft palate and opens mouth of pharyngotypanic tube during swallowing and yawning

133
Q

levator veli palatini

A

elevates soft palate during swallowing and yawning

134
Q

palatoglossus

A

elevates posterior part of tongue and draws soft palate onto tongue

135
Q

palatopharyngeus

A

tenses soft palate and pulls walls of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly and medially during swallowing

136
Q

musculus uvulae

A

shortens uvula and pulls it superiorly (as we swallow)

137
Q

tongue

A

assists with mastication, taste, deglutination (swallowing), articulation, oral cleansing

138
Q

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

alter the position of tongue (located outside tongue & inserts on tongue)

  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • palatoglossus (NO HYPOGLOSSAL INNERVATION!)
139
Q

initrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  • located within the tongue; only alter the shape of the tongue
  • superior/inferior longitudinal
  • transvese/vertical lingual
140
Q

genioglossus

A

EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE
ORIGIN- superior pat of mental spine of mandible
INSERTION- dorsum of tongue
FUNCTION-protraction of tongue and depression of central par of tongue
INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

141
Q

hyoglossus

A 
EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE
ORIGIN- hyoid bone
INSERTION- side of tongue
FUNCTION- depression & retraction of tongue
INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII
142
Q

styloglossus

A 
EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE
ORIGIN- styloid process
INSERTION- side of tongue
FUNCTION- draws tongue up & backwards
INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII
143
Q

Superior longitudinal

A

INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE

ORIGIN- shorten tongue
INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII

144
Q

inferior longitudinal

A

INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE

ORIGIN- shorten tongue
INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII

145
Q

transverse lingual

A

INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE

ORIGIN- narrows & elongates tongue
INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII

146
Q

vertical lingual

A

INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE

ORIGIN- flattens & widens tongue
INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII

147
Q

taste sensations associated with facial nerve

A
  • sweet & salty
148
Q

taste sensations associated with glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • sour & bitter
149
Q

salivary glands

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual glands
150
Q

saliva

A

clear, tasteless, odorless, viscid fluid
functions:
- keeps mucous membrane of mouth moist
- lubricates food during mastication
- begins digestion of starches
- serves as intrinsic mouthwash
- assists in prevention of tooth decay and the ability to taste

151
Q

Functons of nose

A
  • olfaction
  • respiration
  • filtration of dust
  • humidification of inspired air
  • reception and elimination of secretions from the nasal mucosa paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
152
Q

arterial supply to nose

A
  • via: sphenopalatine, anterior & posterior ethmoidal, greater palatine, superior labial and facial arteries
153
Q

Kiesselbach area

A

anastamosis of five nose arteries where nose bleeds occur

154
Q

frontal sinus

A

between outer & inner table of frontal bone

155
Q

ethmoid sinus

A

in lateral mass of ethmoid bone between nasal cavity & orbit

156
Q

sphenoidal sinus

A

occupy the body of the sphenoid bone

157
Q

maxillary sinus

A

occupy the body of the maxillae

158
Q

external & middle ear function together to

A

transfer sounds ito the internal ear

159
Q

tympanic membrane

A

separates external ear from middle ear

160
Q

external ear

A

consists of
auricle- collects sound

external acoustic meatus - conducts sound to the tympanic membrane

161
Q

middle ear

A

AKA tympanic cavity

  • in petrous part of temporal bone
  • lined with mucous membrane
  • contains 3 auditory ossicles
  • — malleus
  • —- incus
  • —- stapes
  • two muscles: tensor tympani, stapedius
162
Q

internal ear

A

contains the vestibulocochlear organ

  • concerned with reception of sound and maintenance of balance
  • bony & membranous labyrinth
163
Q

cochlea

A

concerned with hearing

part of the bony labyrinth of the internal ear

164
Q

semicircular canals

A

concerned with balance

part of bony labyrinth of the internal ear

165
Q

vestibule

A
  • contains utricle & saccule for balance

- part of bony labyrinth of the internal ear

166
Q

membranous labyrinth

A
  • suspended in bony labyrinth

Anatomy (6 decks)

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