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Anatomy > Back & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Back & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

zygopophysial joints

A

synovial joints of C1 - S1 (1st 25 vert)

    • facilitates & controls flexibility
  • btwn superior & inferior articular processes of adjacent vert
  • permits gliding movements between articular processes
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2
Q

kyphosis

A

concave anteriorly

1) thoracic kyphosis
2) sacral kyphosis
- aka primary curvatures
- develop during fetal period – present at birth

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3
Q

lordoses

A

concave posteriorly
1) cervical lordoses
2) lumbar lordoses
- aka secondary curvatures
- develop during fetal period not fully developed til infancy
cervical lordoses: seen when an infant holds her head erect
lumbar lordoses: seen when an infant begins walking & assuming an upright position

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4
Q

excessive thoracic kyphosis

A

AKA humpback

    • from the erosion of the anterior part on 1 or more vertebrae
    • Occurs b/c of posturing - if throughout life a person was hunched over, with time, one of the anterior vertebrae will wear away because vert constantly rubs on each other –> fixed position
    • if identified early can be prevented
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5
Q

excess lumbar lordosis

A

AKA hollow back, saddle back, sway back

– caused by weakening of the trunk muscles that cause an anterior rotation of pelvis

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6
Q

scoliosis

A

AKA crooked, curved back
–usually a developmental issue
– abnormal lateral curvature w/ vertical rotation
CAUSED BY:
- asymmetric weakness of intrinsic back muscles
- hemivertebra (failure of 1/2 a vertebrae to develop)
- diff in length of lower limbs

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7
Q

vertebral foramina size & shape

A

cervical- large and triangular (biggest)
thoracic- circular and smallest
lumbar- triangular and in the middle size wise

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8
Q

median sacral crest (sacrum)

A

fused spinous processes

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9
Q

intermediate articular crest (sacrum)

A

fused articular processes

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10
Q

lateral sacral crest

A

fused tips of transverse processes

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11
Q

ala (sacrum)

A

superior articular processes of the fifth lumbar

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12
Q

sacral hiatus

A

from the absence of a laminae and spins process of S4-S5

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13
Q

sacral cornu

A

inferior articular process of S5

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14
Q

Anulus fibrosus

A

outer covering of IV disk

  • circumference of IV disk
  • concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage
  • holds IV disk in place and allows for compression to the vert column
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15
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

Inner core of the IV disk

  • 88% water at birth but that decr with age
  • allows for compression - weight distribution through the vertebral column…without this our bones will wear away
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16
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • from pelvic surface of sacrum to anterior tubercle of atlas and up to the occipital bone
  • limits extension of vert column
  • prevents hyperextension
  • prevents an anterior herniation of IV disks
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17
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • extends from sacrum to C1 where it continues as the pectoral membrane goes up to the edges of the foramen magnum – occipital bone posterior to foramen magnum
  • attaches to posterior IV disks
  • prevents hyperflexion and posterior herniation of IV disks
  • many nociceptive (pain) receptor nerve ending
  • prevents abrupt flexion
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18
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A
  • adjoin laminae of adjacent vertebral arches

- prevent abrupt flexion of vertebral column

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19
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A
  • weakly adjoins spinous processes
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20
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A
  • strongly adjoins spinous processes
  • merges w/ nuchal ligament
  • serves as a site for muscle attachment
21
Q

nuchal ligament

A

from external occipital protuberance and the posterior border of the foramen magnum to attach to the spinous processes of all of the cervical vertebrae

22
Q

intertransverse ligament

A

connect adjacent transverse processes

23
Q

atlanto-occipital joints

A
  • between lateral masses of the atlas & the occipital condyles
  • flexion/extension of the head “YES” movement
24
Q

atlanto-axial joint

A
  • right & left lateral atlanto-axial joints —> between the lateral masses of C1 and the superior facets of C2
  • median atlanto axial joint –> between dens (odontoid process) and anterior arch and transverse ligament of C1

“NO” movement – rotation of head
Cranium & C1 rotate on C2

25
Q

cruciate ligament

A

transverse ligament of the atlas – between tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral masses of C1
longitudinal bands – from transverse ligament of the occipital bone & to the body of C2

cruciate = cross = this makes a cross

26
Q

alar ligaments

A

from side of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum

27
Q

tectorial membrane

A
  • continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament through the foramen magnum
  • covers the ala & transverse ligament
28
Q

spinal cord begins at _______ and ends at ______

A

begins at: medulla oblongata

ends at: L1 & L2

29
Q

medullary cone

A

tapering between T12 & T13

30
Q

cauda equina

A

spinal nerve roots arose from the lumbrosacral enlargement L1 - S3 & from the medullary cone

31
Q

brachial plexus

A

anterior rami – through the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord C4 through T1

32
Q

lumbar plexus & sacral plexus

A

posterior rami – through the lumbrosacral enlargement L1 through S3

33
Q

posterior roots from spinal nerves

A

afferent fibers- from skin, subcutaneous & deep tissue & viscera

  • cell bodies in spinal ganglia
  • dorsal root ganglia - brings info in
34
Q

anterior roots from spinal nerves

A

efferent fibers - to skeletal muscles

  • cell bodies in gray matter (anterior horns)
  • split into dorsal & ventral rami
35
Q

meninges

A 
surround the spinal cord
dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater, pia mater (innermost)
36
Q

epidural space

A

between vertebrae & spinal dura

– where injections take place to anethesize the lower body – babies

37
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia mater – holds CSF

38
Q

Lumbar spinal tap

A
  • to obtain a sample of CSF from the lumbar cistern
  • needle into subarachnoid space
  • in midline between spinous processes of L3 and L4 - little damage of damaging cord
39
Q

Vasculature of spinal cord

A
  • 1 anterior spinal artery: from union of vertebral artery branches – supplies anterior portion of cord
  • 2 posterior spinal arteries: branches of vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar artery
40
Q

transverse cervical arteries

A

branch of thyrocervical trunk (off subclavian artery)

41
Q

superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

A

runs on deep surface of trapezius – accompanies accessory nerve

42
Q

deep branch of transverse cervical artery

A

runs on deep surface of rhomboids – accompanies 5 dorsal scapula nerve

43
Q

Triangle of auscultation

A

at level of 6th intercostal space
– formed by borders of:
trapezius, lattisimus dorsi, rhomboideus major & vert border of scapula
– dr puts stethoscope here

44
Q

Lumbar triangle

A

formed by the borders of - iliac crest, lattissimus dorsi

45
Q

sclerotome

A

somites differentiate into this…

forms axial skeleton, vertebrae & ribs

46
Q

dermomyotome

A

superficial portion forms- dermis (this is why at midline we have cutaneous innervation by dorsal rami)
dorsomedial portion- recognized as a myotome- which becomes epaxial
largest part of the dorsolateral portion migrates ventrally becoming hypaxial

47
Q

epaxial

A

epimere – part of the muscle max - dorsal muscles, deep in the muscles back

48
Q

hypaxial

A

hypomere - part of muscle mass - flexors of the trunk

Anatomy (6 decks)

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