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Micro > FA Day 1 > Flashcards

FA Day 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Which bugs show up on Giemsa stains?

A

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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1
Q

Which bugs stain poorly on gram stain?

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

  • Treponema (too thin)
  • Mycobacteria (high lipid content)
  • Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
  • Legionella (intracellular)
  • Rickettsia (intracellular)
  • Chlamydia (intracellular)
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2
Q

What is a PAS stain? What does it identify?

A

Glycogen stain, used to identify Tropheryma whipplei

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3
Q

What is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain used for?

A

Acid-fast bacteria and protozoa (Cryptosporidium)

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4
Q

What is india ink used for?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans, stains red

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5
Q

What is a silver stain used for?

A

Fungi, Legionella, H pylori

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6
Q

Which bugs are anaerobes? What do they lack? What Abx is ineffective?

A

Fusobacterium, clostridium, bacteroides, actinomyces; lack catalase or superoxide dismutase; aminoglycosides require O2 to wnrer bacteria

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7
Q

Which bugs are obligate intracellular? Why?

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Coxiella, they rely on host ATP

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8
Q

What are facultative intracellular bugs?

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis

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9
Q

What are the encapsulated bacteria? How are they killed? What are vaccines made from?

A 
Strep pneumo, H flu, Neisseria meningitidis, E Coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Group B strep
-Opsonized by spleen, vaccine= capsule+ protein conjugate to promote T cell activation and class switching
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10
Q

What are the urease positive organisms?

A

CHuck norris hates PUNKSS

Cryptococcus, H. Pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. Epidermis, S. Saprophyticus

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11
Q

What does catalase do? What are the catalase positive organisms? What disease has recurrent infections from this?

A

It degrades hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen before being processed by myeloperoxidase.
Cats Need PLACESS
-Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E.Coli, Staph, Serratia

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12
Q

Pigments! Actinomyces israelii? Pseudomonas aeruginosa? Staph aureus? Serratia marcescens?

A

Actinomyces: yellow
S. Aureus: yellow
Pseudomonas: blue-green
Serratia: red

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13
Q

What organisms make protein A? What does it do?

A

Staph aureus, Bind Fc region of IgG, prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

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14
Q

What does IgA protease do? What bugs secrete it?

A

It cleaves IgA to colonize respiratory mucosa

-Strep pneumoniae, H influenzae, Neisseria

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15
Q

What makes M protein? What does it do?

A

Group A Strep, helps prevent phagocytosis

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16
Q

What is an endotoxin? What does it cause? What are important features?

A

LPS from outer membrane of GNs
It activates macrophages causing fever and hypotension IL1, NOand TNF-alpha. It activates complement causing edema, neutrophil chemotaxis, and activates tissue factor -> DIC.
-heat labile

17
Q

What does Diphtheria toxin do?

A

It inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating elongation factor (2) causing pharyngitis with pseudomembranes and lymphadenopathy

18
Q

What does Pseudomonas toxin do?

A

Exotoxin A: inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating EF-2 causing host cell death

19
Q

What does Shiga toxin do?

A

(Shigella) It inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating 60S ribosome through removal of adenine from rRNA
-causes dysentery, also HUS through cytokine release

20
Q

What is the EHEC toxin? What does it do?

A

Shiga-like toxin inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating 60S ribosome through adenine removal by rRNA
-enhances cytokine release, causing HUS (O157:H7), no cell invasion

21
Q

ETEC has two toxins

A

Heat labile-inc cAMP, inc Cl secretion and H20
Heat stable- inc cGMP, dec NaCl and H2O
Causes watery diarrhea

22
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis exotoxin do?

A

Edema toxin- mimics cAMP, causes endematous borders for anthrax

23
Q

What does Vibrio cholera do?

A

Inc fluid secretion by activating Gs causing cAMP overactivity (Cl secretion and H2O efflux) causing rice-water diarrhea

24
Q

What does Bordetella pertussis toxin dk?

A

It inhibits phagocytosis by overactivating cAMP through disabling Gi
-Whooping cough!

25
Q

What does Clostridium tetani toxin do?

A

(Tetanospasmin) inhibits release of GABA from Renshaw cells in spinal cord by cleaving SNARE
Causes spasticity, lockjaw

26
Q

What does Colstridium botulinum toxin do?

A

It inhibits release of ACh by cleaving SNARE

Causes flaccid paralysis, floppy baby

27
Q

What does clostridium perfringens toxin do?

A

(Alpha toxin) phospholipase degrades tissues and cell membranes causing myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis

28
Q

What does strep pyogenes toxin do?

A

Streptolysin O degrades cell membeanes, lyses RBCs causing beta hemolysis. Anyibodies diagnose Rheumatic fever

29
Q

What’s toxic shock syndrome?

A

Caused by staph aureus exotoxin, binds to MHC II causing release of IL1 and 2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha
-Presents with fever, rash, shock

30
Q

What does strep pyogenes toxin do?

A

(Exotoxin A) binds to MHC II causing release of IL1 and 2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha
-Presents with fever, rash, shock

31
Q

How is MRSA resistant to methicillin/nafcillin?

A

Altered penicillin-binding protein

32
Q

When does Staph aureus food poisoning look like?

A

Short (2-6 hr) incubation with nonbloody diarrhea and emesis. Enterotoxin is heat stabile

33
Q

What does Staph epidermis cause?

A

Infects prosthetic devices and iv catheters, makes biofilms, novobiocin sensitive

34
Q

What does staph saprophyticus do?

A

2nd most common cause of UTIs in young women, Novobiocin resistant

35
Q

What does strep pneumo do? Important features?

A

Meningitis, Otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis

-encapsulated, lancet shaped Diplococci, IgA protease, optochin sensitive

36
Q

What does viridians strep do? Features?

A

Normal oral flora, causes caries (mutans) and bacterial endocarditis from damaged heart valves (sanguinis)
-alpha hemolytic, optochin resistant

37
Q

What does strep pyogenes do? Features?

A
  • Pyogenic: pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo
  • Toxigenic: scarlet fever, TS like
  • Immuno: rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
  • group A, Bacitracin sensitive, beta hemolytic, PYR+, M protein antibodies
38
Q

Whats the major criteria for acute rheumatic fever?

A

JONES

Joints, Carditis, Nodules (subcutaneous), Erythema marginatum, Sydenham cholera

39
Q

What does Strep agalactiae do? Features?

A
  • Causes sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis in babies

- Pregnant women are screened and treated with intrapartum penicillin

Micro (4 decks)

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