F_Lec 9: Blood Flashcards
1
Q
a type of connective tissue composed
of a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) and
living cells and cell fragments (formed
elements)
A
Blood
2
Q
Functions of Blood
A
● Transports oxygen from lungs to tissues
and clears tissues of carbon dioxide
● Transports glucose, proteins, and fats
● Moves wastes to the liver and kidneys
● Provides coagulation enzymes that
protect vessels from trauma and maintain
the circulation
3
Q
An average human possesses ____ liters of blood
A
5.5
4
Q
Physical Characteristics of Blood
A
Blood is a sticky
opaque fluid that is
heavier than water and
about five times thicker, or more viscous, largely because of its formed elements.
5
Q
Color
Taste
pH
Temperature
of Blood?
A
Color: varies from scarlet (oxygen-rich) to a dull red or purple (oxygen-poor)
Taste: metallic, salty taste
pH: slightly alkaline (7.35 and 7.45)
Temperature: 38°C or 100.4°F (slightly higher than body temp)
6
Q
% - Plasma
% - Erythrocytes (RBCs)
% - Buffy coat
➔ ?
➔ ?
A
55% - Plasma
45% - Erythrocytes (RBCs)
<1% - Buffy coat
➔ Leukocytes (WBCs)
➔ Platelets
7
Q
90% of plasma volume; solvent for carrying other substances;
absorbs heat
A
Water
Also absorbs heat!
8
Q
Liquid part of blood composed of
90% water
A
Plasma
9
Q
10% of Plasma comprises the different
dissolved substances:
A
- nutrients, salts (electrolytes),
- respiratory gases,
- hormones,
- plasma proteins,
- various wastes and products
of cell metabolism
10
Q
Remember SPCMCB
Salts (electrolytes) in Plasma and their function
A
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Bicarbonate
- Osmotic Balance
- pH buffering and
- regulation of membrane permeability
11
Q
Remember AFG
Plasma Proteins in plasma and their functions:
A
- Albumin: Osmotic Balance, pH buffering
- Fibrinogen: Clotting of blood
- Globulins: Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport
12
Q
Substances transported by blood through plasma
A
- Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
- Waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid)
- Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
- Hormones (steroids and thyroid hormone are carried by plasma proteins)
13
Q
most abundant solutes in plasma; majority
of which is synthesized by the _____
A
Plasma proteins; liver
Plasma proteins - most abundant solutes in plasma; majority
of which is synthesized by the liver
14
Q
carrier for certain molecules through circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood
A Plasma protein
A
Albumin
15
Q
aids in preventing blood loss when a blood vessels are injured
A plasma protein
A
Clotting proteins
16
Q
help protect the body from pathogens
Plasma protein
A
Antibodies
17
Q
Formed Elements
What is included
A
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
18
Q
Number and Functions
Ertyhrocytes
This is part of your formed elements
A
4-6 M per mm3 of blood
Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide
19
Q
Number and Functions
Leukocytes
What are its types?
A
4,800-10,800 per mm3 blood
Defense and immunity
Its types include Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte
20
Q
Eythrocytes are salmon red to pale pink
anucleate and contain mostly ______
Its main protein
A
Hemoglobin
21
Q
normally about ____ million cells
per cubic millimeter of blood
How many on avergae?
A
5 million cells per cubic millimeter of blood
In the diagram (4-6 million)
remember the unit!!
22
Q
percentage of erythrocytes in a
total volume of a blood sample
A
Hematocrit
23
Q
Site in hemoglobin molecule for oxygen binding
What helps binds to the oxygen?
A
Iron
24
Q
amount of hemoglobin in the blood at any time determines ________
How many Hgb molecules in 1 RBC?
How many O2 in 1 Hgb molecule?
A
how well the erythrocytes are performing their role of oxygen transport
1 RBC = 250 million Hgb molecules
1 Hgb molecule = 4 molecules of oxygen
“A single RBC can carry about 1 billion molecules of oxygen”
25
Normal Hgb value in Ertyhrocyte
## Footnote
How about in Males and Females specifically?
12–18 grams of hgb per 100ml of blood
or
12-18 g/dL
| Males: 13–18 g/dl
Females: 12–16 g/dl
26
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood.
## Footnote
What are its chracteristics? (whats low? whats abnormal? deficient?) (3 direct causes)
Anemia
## Footnote
(1) A lower-than-normal number of RBCs, or
(2) An abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs
27
3 direct causes of Anemia? Leading to?
| Direct cause - leading to (type of anemia)
**1. Decrease in RBC**
- Hemoraahic anemia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Pernicious anemia
- Aplastic anemia
**2. Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs**
- Iron-deficiency anemia
**3. Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs**
- Sickle cell anemia
28
Anemia resulting from sudden hemorrhage
## Footnote
what direct cause?
Hemorrhagic anemia
## Footnote
Decrease in RBC number
29
Anemia resulting from lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections
## Footnote
What direct cause?
Hemolytic anemia
## Footnote
Decrease in RBC number
30
Anemia resulting from Lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of the vitamin; intrinsic factor is formed by stomach mucosa cells)
## Footnote
What direct cause?
Pernicious anemia
## Footnote
Decrease in RBC number
31
Anemia resulting from Depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications
## Footnote
What direct cause?
Aplastic anemia
## Footnote
Decrease in RBC number
32
Anemia resulting from Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding (such as heavy menstrual flow or bleeding ulcer), which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin
## Footnote
What direct cause?
Iron-deficiency anemia
## Footnote
Inadequate hemoglobin
content in RBCs
33
Anemia resulting from Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body; or low oxygen levels in general occurs mainly in people of
African descent
## Footnote
What direct cause?
Sickle cell anemia
## Footnote
Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
34
Form of anemia caused by a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin-forming genes
## Footnote
The mutation results in the substitution of ________ for glutamic acid at amino acid position ____ of the beta-chain in the Hgb molecule
Sickle Cell Anemia
## Footnote
The mutation results in the substitution of **valine** for glutamic acid at amino acid position **6** of the beta-chain in the Hgb molecule
35
What happens to abnormal Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Anemia?
| it become what? when what?
The abnormal Hemoglobin (Hgb S) becomes spiky and sharp when either oxygen is unloaded or the oxygen content in the blood decreases below normal
36
In sickle cell anemia, RBCs become?
| 3 things happen and these three interfere with?
RBCs become **sickled (crescent-shaped)**, they **rupture easily**, and **can dam up** small blood vessels
## Footnote
These events interfere with oxygen delivery (leaving victims gasping for air) and cause extreme pain
37
# True or False?
Only individuals carrying two copies of the defective gene have sickle cell anemia.
| Why/why not 2 copies? What happens if for instance only one copy?
True
## Footnote
Those carrying just **one sickling gene** have**sickle cell trait (SCT);** they generally do not display the symptoms but can *pass on the sickling gene to their offspring.*
38
excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
## Footnote
This may result from? (2)
Polycythemia
## Footnote
1. may result from **bone marrow cancer**(polycythemia vera)
2. may also be a normal physiologic response to **living at high altitudes**, where the air is thinner and less oxygen is available (secondary polycythemia)
39
only complete cells in blood
| Why?
Leukocytes
## Footnote
contain nuclei and the usual organelles, making them the only complete cells in blood
helps defend the body against damage by bacteria,
viruses, parasites, and tumor cells
40
Special Characteristics of Leukocytes
1. Diapedesis
2. Positive chemotaxis
3. amoeboid motion
4. Whenever WBCs mobilize for action, the body speeds up their production
## Footnote
1. White blood cells are able to slip into and out of the blood vessels → Diapedesis
2. WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells → Positive chemotaxis
3. WBCs move through the tissue spaces by amoeboid motion
4. Whenever WBCs mobilize for action, the body speeds up their production, and as many as twice the normal number of WBCs may appear in the blood within a few hours
41
A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3
| What term?
Leukocytosis
42
an abnormally low WBC count
| What term?
Leukopenia
43
2 major groups of leukocytes
| What types of WBC are under each?
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes
## Footnote
Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
44
lobed nuclei, which are several rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material
| What general type of leukocytes?
## Footnote
It contains what? It is stained with what?
Granulocytes
## Footnote
contain **granules** in their cytoplasm stained specifically with **Wright’s stain**
45
Describe Neutrophils
Population?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?
## Footnote
What do you call when there's too much? When there's less?
- **40-70%** of WBC population
- **Nucleus**: *deep purple* consists of *three to seven lobes* connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
- **Cytoplasm:** *stains pale pink (lilac)* and contains very *fine granules* that take up both *acidic (red) and basic (blue) dyes*
- **Function:** act as active phagocytes during acute infection, particularly *bacterial and fungal infections*
## Footnote
Neutrophilia = increased neutrophil
Neutropenia = decreased neutrophil
46
Describe Eosinophils
Population?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?
## Footnote
What do you call when there's too much? When there's less?
- **1 to 4%** of WBC population
- **Nucleus**: *bilobed (figure-8*) and stains *blue-red*
- **Cytoplasm:** has *large granules* staining *red-orange or brick-red (lysosomes)*
- **Function:** Kill *parasitic worms* by deluging them with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in allergy attacks
## Footnote
Eosinophilia = increased eosinophil
Eosinopenia = decreased eosinophil
47
Describe Basophils
Population?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?
## Footnote
What do you call when there's too much? When there's less?
- **0 to 1% (rarest WBC)** of WBC population
- **Nucleus**: *U- or S-shaped* and stains *dark blue*
- **Cytoplasm:** few *large blue-purple granules*
- **Function:**Release *histamine* (vasodilator chemical) at sites of inflammation; contain *heparin*, an anticoagulant
## Footnote
Basophilia = increased basophil
Basopenia = decreased basophil
48
General type of Luekocytes which lack visible cytoplasmic granules
## Footnote
Describe its nuclei
Agranulocytes
## Footnote
nuclei are closer to the norm—spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
49
Describe lymphocytes
Population?
Size?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?
| How many types?
## Footnote
What do you call when there's an increase? decrease? when does this happen?
- **20 to 45%** of the WBCs
- **smallest** leukocytes
- **Nucleus:** large, *dark blue to purple*,
generally *spherical*
- **Cytoplasm: ***pale blue* and appears as* thin rim* around nucleus
- **Function:** Plays crucial role in the *immune system* (viral infections)
| 3 types: T, B, NK cells
## Footnote
Increase during viral infections
- Lumphocytosis (increase)
- Lymphocytopenia (decrease)
50
Describe monocytes
Population?
Size?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?
| What happens when it migrate into the tissues?
## Footnote
What do you call when there's an increase? decrease? when does this happen?
- **4 to 8% of leukocytes**
- **largest** WBC
- **Nucleus:** *dark blue* and *kidney-shaped*
- **Cytoplasm:** abundant and *gray-blue*
- **Function:** long-term “*cleanup team*”; increase in number during *chronic infections*; *activate lymphocytes* during immune response
| once they reach tissues, they transform into **macrophages**
## Footnote
Increase during chronic infections
- monocytosis (increase)
- monocytopenia (decrease)
51
numerous functions, including mediates immune responses and host defenses; regulates immune response; kills specific target cells
| What type of Lymphocyte?
T cells
52
antibody production
| What type of lymphocyte?
B cells
53
kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells
| What type of lymphocyte?
NK cells (Natural killer)
54
Order of most abundant WBC to least
| Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
55
“white blood”
| An imbalance
Leukemia
56
bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are produced
| Imbalance
## Footnote
What are these huge numbers of WBCs produced? (useful or not?)
Leukemia
## Footnote
these “newborn” WBCs are immature and incapable of carrying out their normal protective functions
57
cell fragments that appear as darkly staining, irregularly shaped bodies scattered among the other blood cells
| What component of blood? Normal count? Function?
Thrombocytes (platelets)
| platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic mm
## Footnote
Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to torn area
58
Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called ________, which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet “pieces” that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.
Megakaryocytes
59
Process that stops bleeding when blood vessels are broken
## Footnote
What are its phases?
Hemostasis
## Footnote
**1. Vascular spasm** (Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction)
**2. Platelet plug formation** (Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere. Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; more platelets are attracted to the area; platelet plug forms.)
**3. Coagulation** (Clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with Ca2+ in a complex cascade resulting in the production of fibrin.
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.)
60
# Fill in the Blanks
Process of Hemostasis:
1. Injured tissues release ___________
2. TF interacts with ____________, a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets
3. ____________________ interacts with other clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca2+)
4. This cascade of reactions lead to formation of ____________ that converts prothrombin to ____________, an enzyme.
5. Thrombin then joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble _______
6. Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps RBCs and forms the basis of the _______
Process of Hemostasis:
1. Injured tissues release**tissue factor (TF**)
2. TF interacts with **platelet factor 3 (PF3)**, a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets
3. **TF and PF3 combination** interacts with other clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca2+)
4. This cascade of reactions lead to formation of **prothrombin activator** that converts prothrombin to **thrombin**, an enzyme.
5. Thrombin then joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble **fibrin**
6. Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps RBCs and forms the basis of the **clot**
## Footnote
1. Damaged blood vessel
2. Formation of Paltelet plug
3. Development of Clot
61
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE IN HEMOSTASIS
| 2
Undesirable Clotting
Bleeding Disorders
62
clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
| In what imbalance found?
Thrombus
| Undesirable clotting
63
a thrombus that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream
| In what imbalance found?
Embolus
| Undesirable clotting
64
Causes of Undesirable clotting
**1. Roughened BV endothelium** which encourages clinging of platelets: severe burns, physical blows, or accumulation of fatty material
**2. Slowly flowing blood, or blood pooling** → clotting factors are not washed away as usual
65
Bleeding disorders
| 2
1. Thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiency)
2. Clotting Factor Deficiency
66
Imbalance resulting from any condition that **suppresses the bone marrow**, such as bone marrow cancer, radiation, or certain drugs. Even normal movements cause spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels
| What evidence can be seen in the imbalance?
1. Thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiency)
## Footnote
This is evidenced by many small purplish blotches, called **petechiae**, that resemble a rash on the skin
67
Imbalance resulting from impaired liver function . This can also arise fromgenetic disorders
## Footnote
What can be a causative factor of the impaired liver function?
What genetic disorders are meant by the question?
Clotting Factor Deficiency
## Footnote
**Vitamin K deficiency** may be a causative factor of impaired liver function
**Hemophilia** applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clottin
68
Responsible for the metallic taste of blood
iron
69
After spinning stops in a centrifuge, how are the composition of blood separated?
| through what concept
density
70
Plasma proteins not made/synthesized in liver?
1. Antibodies
2. Proetein-based hormones
71
Hemoglobin is a protein that contains?
Iron
