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MT 13 LEC > F_Lec 9: Blood > Flashcards

F_Lec 9: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

a type of connective tissue composed
of a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) and
living cells and cell fragments (formed
elements)

A

Blood

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2
Q

Functions of Blood

A

● Transports oxygen from lungs to tissues
and clears tissues of carbon dioxide

● Transports glucose, proteins, and fats

● Moves wastes to the liver and kidneys

● Provides coagulation enzymes that
protect vessels from trauma and maintain
the circulation

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3
Q

An average human possesses ____ liters of blood

A

5.5

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4
Q

Physical Characteristics of Blood

A

Blood is a sticky
opaque fluid that is
heavier than water and
about five times thicker, or more viscous, largely because of its formed elements.

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5
Q

Color
Taste
pH
Temperature

of Blood?

A

Color: varies from scarlet (oxygen-rich) to a dull red or purple (oxygen-poor)

Taste: metallic, salty taste

pH: slightly alkaline (7.35 and 7.45)

Temperature: 38°C or 100.4°F (slightly higher than body temp)

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6
Q

% - Plasma
% - Erythrocytes (RBCs)
% - Buffy coat
➔ ?
➔ ?

A

55% - Plasma

45% - Erythrocytes (RBCs)

<1% - Buffy coat
➔ Leukocytes (WBCs)
➔ Platelets

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7
Q

90% of plasma volume; solvent for carrying other substances;

absorbs heat

A

Water

Also absorbs heat!

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8
Q

Liquid part of blood composed of
90% water

A

Plasma

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9
Q

10% of Plasma comprises the different
dissolved substances:

A
  • nutrients, salts (electrolytes),
  • respiratory gases,
  • hormones,
  • plasma proteins,
  • various wastes and products
    of cell metabolism
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10
Q

Remember SPCMCB

Salts (electrolytes) in Plasma and their function

A

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Bicarbonate

  • Osmotic Balance
  • pH buffering and
  • regulation of membrane permeability
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11
Q

Remember AFG

Plasma Proteins in plasma and their functions:

A
  1. Albumin: Osmotic Balance, pH buffering
  2. Fibrinogen: Clotting of blood
  3. Globulins: Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport
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12
Q

Substances transported by blood through plasma

A
  • Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
  • Waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid)
  • Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
  • Hormones (steroids and thyroid hormone are carried by plasma proteins)
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13
Q

most abundant solutes in plasma; majority
of which is synthesized by the _____

A

Plasma proteins; liver

Plasma proteins - most abundant solutes in plasma; majority
of which is synthesized by the liver

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14
Q

carrier for certain molecules through circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood

A Plasma protein

A

Albumin

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15
Q

aids in preventing blood loss when a blood vessels are injured

A plasma protein

A

Clotting proteins

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16
Q

help protect the body from pathogens

Plasma protein

A

Antibodies

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17
Q

Formed Elements

What is included

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

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18
Q

Number and Functions

Ertyhrocytes

This is part of your formed elements

A

4-6 M per mm3 of blood

Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide

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19
Q

Number and Functions

Leukocytes

What are its types?

A

4,800-10,800 per mm3 blood

Defense and immunity

Its types include Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte

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20
Q

Eythrocytes are salmon red to pale pink
anucleate and contain mostly ______

Its main protein

A

Hemoglobin

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21
Q

normally about ____ million cells
per cubic millimeter of blood

How many on avergae?

A

5 million cells per cubic millimeter of blood

In the diagram (4-6 million)

remember the unit!!

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22
Q

percentage of erythrocytes in a
total volume of a blood sample

A

Hematocrit

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23
Q

Site in hemoglobin molecule for oxygen binding

What helps binds to the oxygen?

A

Iron

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24
Q

amount of hemoglobin in the blood at any time determines ________

How many Hgb molecules in 1 RBC?
How many O2 in 1 Hgb molecule?

A

how well the erythrocytes are performing their role of oxygen transport

1 RBC = 250 million Hgb molecules
1 Hgb molecule = 4 molecules of oxygen

“A single RBC can carry about 1 billion molecules of oxygen”

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25
Q

Normal Hgb value in Ertyhrocyte

How about in Males and Females specifically?

A

12–18 grams of hgb per 100ml of blood
or
12-18 g/dL

Males: 13–18 g/dl
Females: 12–16 g/dl

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26
Q

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood.

What are its chracteristics? (whats low? whats abnormal? deficient?) (3 direct causes)

A

Anemia

(1) A lower-than-normal number of RBCs, or
(2) An abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs

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27
Q

3 direct causes of Anemia? Leading to?

Direct cause - leading to (type of anemia)

A

1. Decrease in RBC
- Hemoraahic anemia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Pernicious anemia
- Aplastic anemia

2. Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
- Iron-deficiency anemia

3. Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
- Sickle cell anemia

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28
Q

Anemia resulting from sudden hemorrhage

what direct cause?

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

Decrease in RBC number

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29
Q

Anemia resulting from lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections

What direct cause?

A

Hemolytic anemia

Decrease in RBC number

30
Q

Anemia resulting from Lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of the vitamin; intrinsic factor is formed by stomach mucosa cells)

What direct cause?

A

Pernicious anemia

Decrease in RBC number

31
Q

Anemia resulting from Depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications

What direct cause?

A

Aplastic anemia

Decrease in RBC number

32
Q

Anemia resulting from Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding (such as heavy menstrual flow or bleeding ulcer), which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin

What direct cause?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

Inadequate hemoglobin
content in RBCs

33
Q

Anemia resulting from Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body; or low oxygen levels in general occurs mainly in people of
African descent

What direct cause?

A

Sickle cell anemia

Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs

34
Q

Form of anemia caused by a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin-forming genes

The mutation results in the substitution of ________ for glutamic acid at amino acid position ____ of the beta-chain in the Hgb molecule

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

The mutation results in the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at amino acid position 6 of the beta-chain in the Hgb molecule

35
Q

What happens to abnormal Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Anemia?

it become what? when what?

A

The abnormal Hemoglobin (Hgb S) becomes spiky and sharp when either oxygen is unloaded or the oxygen content in the blood decreases below normal

36
Q

In sickle cell anemia, RBCs become?

3 things happen and these three interfere with?

A

RBCs become sickled (crescent-shaped), they rupture easily, and can dam up small blood vessels

These events interfere with oxygen delivery (leaving victims gasping for air) and cause extreme pain

37
Q

True or False?

Only individuals carrying two copies of the defective gene have sickle cell anemia.

Why/why not 2 copies? What happens if for instance only one copy?

A

True

Those carrying just one sickling gene havesickle cell trait (SCT); they generally do not display the symptoms but can pass on the sickling gene to their offspring.

38
Q

excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes

This may result from? (2)

A

Polycythemia

  1. may result from bone marrow cancer(polycythemia vera)
  2. may also be a normal physiologic response to living at high altitudes, where the air is thinner and less oxygen is available (secondary polycythemia)
39
Q

only complete cells in blood

Why?

A

Leukocytes

contain nuclei and the usual organelles, making them the only complete cells in blood

helps defend the body against damage by bacteria,
viruses, parasites, and tumor cells

40
Q

Special Characteristics of Leukocytes

A
  1. Diapedesis
  2. Positive chemotaxis
  3. amoeboid motion
  4. Whenever WBCs mobilize for action, the body speeds up their production

  1. White blood cells are able to slip into and out of the blood vessels → Diapedesis
  2. WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells → Positive chemotaxis
  3. WBCs move through the tissue spaces by amoeboid motion
  4. Whenever WBCs mobilize for action, the body speeds up their production, and as many as twice the normal number of WBCs may appear in the blood within a few hours
41
Q

A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3

What term?

A

Leukocytosis

42
Q

an abnormally low WBC count

What term?

A

Leukopenia

43
Q

2 major groups of leukocytes

What types of WBC are under each?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes

Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes

44
Q

lobed nuclei, which are several rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material

What general type of leukocytes?

It contains what? It is stained with what?

A

Granulocytes

contain granules in their cytoplasm stained specifically with Wright’s stain

45
Q

Describe Neutrophils
Population?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?

What do you call when there’s too much? When there’s less?

A
  • 40-70% of WBC population
  • Nucleus: deep purple consists of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
  • Cytoplasm: stains pale pink (lilac) and contains very fine granules that take up both acidic (red) and basic (blue) dyes
  • Function: act as active phagocytes during acute infection, particularly bacterial and fungal infections

Neutrophilia = increased neutrophil
Neutropenia = decreased neutrophil

46
Q

Describe Eosinophils
Population?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?

What do you call when there’s too much? When there’s less?

A
  • 1 to 4% of WBC population
  • Nucleus: bilobed (figure-8) and stains blue-red
  • Cytoplasm: has large granules staining red-orange or brick-red (lysosomes)
  • Function: Kill parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in allergy attacks

Eosinophilia = increased eosinophil
Eosinopenia = decreased eosinophil

47
Q

Describe Basophils
Population?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?

What do you call when there’s too much? When there’s less?

A
  • 0 to 1% (rarest WBC) of WBC population
  • Nucleus: U- or S-shaped and stains dark blue
  • Cytoplasm: few large blue-purple granules
  • Function:Release histamine (vasodilator chemical) at sites of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

Basophilia = increased basophil
Basopenia = decreased basophil

48
Q

General type of Luekocytes which lack visible cytoplasmic granules

Describe its nuclei

A

Agranulocytes

nuclei are closer to the norm—spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped

49
Q

Describe lymphocytes
Population?
Size?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?

How many types?

What do you call when there’s an increase? decrease? when does this happen?

A
  • 20 to 45% of the WBCs
  • smallest leukocytes
  • Nucleus: large, dark blue to purple,
    generally spherical
  • Cytoplasm: **pale blue and appears as* thin rim* around nucleus
  • Function: Plays crucial role in the immune system (viral infections)

3 types: T, B, NK cells

Increase during viral infections
- Lumphocytosis (increase)
- Lymphocytopenia (decrease)

50
Q

Describe monocytes
Population?
Size?
Nucleus?
Cytoplasm?
Function?

What happens when it migrate into the tissues?

What do you call when there’s an increase? decrease? when does this happen?

A
  • 4 to 8% of leukocytes
  • largest WBC
  • Nucleus: dark blue and kidney-shaped
  • Cytoplasm: abundant and gray-blue
  • Function: long-term “cleanup team”; increase in number during chronic infections; activate lymphocytes during immune response

once they reach tissues, they transform into macrophages

Increase during chronic infections
- monocytosis (increase)
- monocytopenia (decrease)

51
Q

numerous functions, including mediates immune responses and host defenses; regulates immune response; kills specific target cells

What type of Lymphocyte?

A

T cells

52
Q

antibody production

What type of lymphocyte?

A

B cells

53
Q

kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells

What type of lymphocyte?

A

NK cells (Natural killer)

54
Q

Order of most abundant WBC to least

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

55
Q

“white blood”

An imbalance

A

Leukemia

56
Q

bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are produced

Imbalance

What are these huge numbers of WBCs produced? (useful or not?)

A

Leukemia

these “newborn” WBCs are immature and incapable of carrying out their normal protective functions

57
Q

cell fragments that appear as darkly staining, irregularly shaped bodies scattered among the other blood cells

What component of blood? Normal count? Function?

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic mm

Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to torn area

58
Q

Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called ________, which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet “pieces” that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.

A

Megakaryocytes

59
Q

Process that stops bleeding when blood vessels are broken

What are its phases?

A

Hemostasis

1. Vascular spasm (Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction)

2. Platelet plug formation (Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere. Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; more platelets are attracted to the area; platelet plug forms.)

3. Coagulation (Clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with Ca2+ in a complex cascade resulting in the production of fibrin.
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.)

60
Q

Fill in the Blanks

Process of Hemostasis:

  1. Injured tissues release ___________
  2. TF interacts with ____________, a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets
  3. ____________________ interacts with other clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca2+)
  4. This cascade of reactions lead to formation of ____________ that converts prothrombin to ____________, an enzyme.
  5. Thrombin then joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble _______
  6. Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps RBCs and forms the basis of the _______
A

Process of Hemostasis:

  1. Injured tissues releasetissue factor (TF)
  2. TF interacts with platelet factor 3 (PF3), a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets
  3. TF and PF3 combination interacts with other clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca2+)
  4. This cascade of reactions lead to formation of prothrombin activator that converts prothrombin to thrombin, an enzyme.
  5. Thrombin then joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin
  6. Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps RBCs and forms the basis of the clot

  1. Damaged blood vessel
  2. Formation of Paltelet plug
  3. Development of Clot
61
Q

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE IN HEMOSTASIS

2

A

Undesirable Clotting
Bleeding Disorders

62
Q

clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

In what imbalance found?

A

Thrombus

Undesirable clotting

63
Q

a thrombus that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream

In what imbalance found?

A

Embolus

Undesirable clotting

64
Q

Causes of Undesirable clotting

A

1. Roughened BV endothelium which encourages clinging of platelets: severe burns, physical blows, or accumulation of fatty material

2. Slowly flowing blood, or blood pooling → clotting factors are not washed away as usual

65
Q

Bleeding disorders

2

A
  1. Thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiency)
  2. Clotting Factor Deficiency
66
Q

Imbalance resulting from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow, such as bone marrow cancer, radiation, or certain drugs. Even normal movements cause spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels

What evidence can be seen in the imbalance?

A
  1. Thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiency)

This is evidenced by many small purplish blotches, called petechiae, that resemble a rash on the skin

67
Q

Imbalance resulting from impaired liver function . This can also arise fromgenetic disorders

What can be a causative factor of the impaired liver function?

What genetic disorders are meant by the question?

A

Clotting Factor Deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency may be a causative factor of impaired liver function

Hemophilia applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clottin

68
Q

Responsible for the metallic taste of blood

A

iron

69
Q

After spinning stops in a centrifuge, how are the composition of blood separated?

through what concept

A

density

70
Q

Plasma proteins not made/synthesized in liver?

A
  1. Antibodies
  2. Proetein-based hormones
71
Q

Hemoglobin is a protein that contains?

A

Iron

MT 13 LEC (3 decks)

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