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MT 13 LEC > F_Lec 10: Respiratory System > Flashcards

F_Lec 10: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide. To do this, at least four distinct events must occur:

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal respiration
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2
Q

event needed for respiration

air moves into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli of the lungs are continuously refreshed

What is this proces commonly called?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

This process of pulmonary ventilation is called breathing

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3
Q

event needed for respiration

gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli

A

External respiration

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4
Q

event needed for respiration

O2 and CO2 are transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream

A

Respiratory gas transport

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5
Q

event needed for respiration

gas exchange occurring between the blood and cells inside the body in the systemic capillaries

A

Internal respiration

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6
Q

Two phases of breathing

A

● Inspiration - when air is flowing into the lungs
● Expiration - when air is leaving the lungs

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7
Q

During inspiration (inhalation) The inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals) ________

what move does the muscle make?

A

contract

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8
Q

What action do the diaphragm and external intercostals make during inspiration (inhalation)

A

> diaphragm contracts inferiorly: superior-inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity increases

> contraction of the external intercostals lifts the rib cage and thrusts the sternum forward: anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the thorax increases

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9
Q

What happens to the size of the thoracic cavity during inspiration (inhalation)

A

size increases

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10
Q

What phase of breathing?

➔The lungs adhere tightly to the thorax walls
➔ Intrapulmonary volume (the volume
within the lungs) increases

A

Inspiration (inhalation)

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11
Q

During inspiration, Gas pressure decreases in the lungs and creates a ____________ → causes air to _________

A

Gas pressure decreases in the lungs
and creates a partial vacuum →
causes air to flow into the lungs

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12
Q

During inhalation (inspiration) Air continues to move into the lungs until _________

A

the intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure

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13
Q

What phase of breathing?

➔ Inspiratory muscles relax
➔ The rib cage descends
➔ The diaphragm relaxes superiorly

A

Expiration (Exhalation)

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14
Q

What phase of breathing?

➔ The lungs recoil
➔ Both the thoracic and intrapulmonary volumes decrease

A

Expiration (exhalation)

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15
Q

During expiration, as the intrapulmonary volume decreases, the gases inside the lungs are forced more closely together, and the ____________rises to a point higher than ____________

A

intrapulmonary pressure rises to a point higher than atmospheric pressure.

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16
Q

What happens when the intrapulmonary pressure rises to a point higher than atmospheric pressure?

What phase of breathing is this?

A

This causes the gases to passively flow out to equalize the pressure with the outside.

Expiration (exhalation)

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17
Q

When does expiration become active?

What muscle is activated during this event? What muscle contracts?

A

If the respiratory passageways are narrowed by spasms of the bronchioles (as in asthma) or clogged with mucus or fluid (as in chronic bronchitis or pneumonia),
expiration becomes an active process

  • internal intercostal muscles are activated to help depress the rib cage
  • abdominal muscles contract and help to force air from the lungs
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18
Q

respiratory volume in normal quiet
breathing approximately _______ ml of air moving into and out of the lungs with each breath.

A

Tidal volume (TV)

500 ml of air

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19
Q

the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly above the tidal volume, which is around ________ ml

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

3,100 ml

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20
Q

the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal expiration, approximately ________ ml

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

approximately 1,200 ml

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21
Q

remainder of air in the lungs that cannot voluntarily be expelled even after the most strenuous expiration, about _______ ml

A

Residual Volume (RV)

1,200 ml

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22
Q

total amount of exchangeable air; the sum of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes (around _______ ml in healthy young men and _______ ml in healthy young women)

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

around 4,800 ml in healthy young men and 3,100 ml in healthy young women

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23
Q

air in the respiratory tract that remains in the conducting zone passageways and never reaches the alveoli (about_____ ml)

A

Dead space volume

150 ml

24
Q

air that actually reaches the respiratory zone and contributes to gas exchange (about ____ ml)

A

Functional volume

about 350 ml

25
Q

test done to measure respiratory capacities; testing is useful for evaluating losses in respiratory functioning and in following the course
of some respiratory diseases

What are examples of the losses of respiratory functioning?

A

Spirometer

  • pneumonia
  • Emphysema
26
Q

results when inspiration is obstructed, and the IRV
and VC decrease

A

Pneumonia

27
Q

resuts when expiration is hampered, the ERV is much lower than normal, and the residual volume is higher

A

Emphysema

28
Q

Nonrespiratory air movements

A
  1. cough
  2. Sneeze
  3. Crying
  4. Laughing
  5. Hiccups
  6. Yawn
29
Q

What nonrespiratory mvoement?

Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing air superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then, glottis opens suddenly, and a blast of air rushes upward.

A

cough

30
Q

nonrespiratory movement

act to clear lower respiratory passageway

A

coughs

31
Q

What nonrespiratory movement

Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is directed through nasal cavities instead of through oral cavity.The uvula (u9vu-lah), a dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes oral cavity off from pharynx, routing air through nasal cavities.

A

Sneeze

32
Q

nonrespiratory movement that clear upper respiratory passages

A

Sneezes

33
Q

Nonrespiratory movement

Inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations.Primarily an emotionally induced
mechanism.

A

Crying

34
Q

Nonrespiratory movement

Essentially same as crying in terms of the air movements produced. Also an emotionally induced response.

A

laughing

35
Q

Nonrespiratory movement

Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of diaphragm; initiated by irritation of diaphragm or phrenic
nerves, which serve diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis.

A

hiccups

36
Q

Nonrespiratory movement

Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapsed during normal quiet breathing).

A

Yawn

37
Q

2 recognizable respiratory sounds

What instrument is used to pick up the sound?

A

Bronchial sounds - produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi)

Vesicular breathing sounds - occur as air fills the alveoli; soft murmurs that resemble a muffled breeze

Sthethoscope

38
Q

Sound produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi)

A

Bronchial sounds

39
Q

Sound that occur as air fills the alveoli; soft murmurs that resemble a muffled breeze

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

40
Q

Neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth are located mainly in the ____ and ____

A
41
Q

Factors affecting respiration

A
  1. Neural regulation oof respiration (Medulla-VRG & DRG)
  2. Non-neural factors (Physical, Volition, Emotional, clinical, chemical)
42
Q

Neural regulator of respiration located in the medulla that control
the rhythm of breathing?

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

43
Q

Neural regulator of respiration located in the medulla that modifies breathing rhythms?

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

44
Q

these 2 communicate with each other to help smooth the transitions between inhalation and exhalation during activities such as singing, sleeping or exercising

A

The pons respiratory centers communicate with the VRG (Ventral respiratory group)

45
Q

Non-neural factor influencing respi rate and depth: talking, coughing, and exercising can modify both the rate and depth of breathing; increased body temperature also causes an increase in the rate of breathing

A

Physical factors

46
Q

Non-neural factor influencing respi rate and depth: voluntary control of breathing is limited, and the respiratory centers will simply ignore
messages from the cortex when the oxygen supply in the blood is low

A

Volition (Conscious control)

47
Q

Non-neural factors influencing respi rate and depth: result from reflexes initiated by emotional stimuli acting through centers in the hypothalamus

A

Emotional factors

48
Q

What type of non-neural factor influencing respir rate

most important factors— levels of _______

A

Chemical factors
- levels of CO2 and O2

49
Q

As carbon dioxide or other sources of acids begin to accumulate in the blood and tissues, what starts to drop?

A

pH

50
Q

an increase in the rate and depth of
breathing that exceeds the bodyʼs need to remove carbon dioxide

A

Hyperventilation

51
Q

During hyperventilation, more ____ is being exhaled, resulting in elevated _____

A

During hyperventilation, more CO2 is being exhaled, resulting in elevated blood pH

52
Q

When blood starts to become slightly alkaline or basic, what happens to breathing rate?

A

When blood starts to become slightly alkaline or basic, breathing slows and becomes shallow

53
Q

allows carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood and leads to decrease in
blood pH

A

Hypoventilation

54
Q

Fast breathing (deep breathing)

A

Hyperventilation

55
Q

Slow breathing (shallow breathing)

A

Hypoventilation

MT 13 LEC (3 decks)

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