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MT 13 LEC > F_Lec 10: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

F_Lec 10: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System Uses ________ as a transport vehicle to carry oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones,
and many other substances vital for body homeostasis to and from the cells.

A

blood

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2
Q

main organ acting as a muscular pump to propel blood

A

Heart

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3
Q

system of large and small tubes where blood travels

What are its 3 types? What type of blood do they carry?

A

Blood Vessels

**Arteries **- carries blood away from the heart

**Capillaries **- smallest blood vessels; where substance exchange takes place

Veins - carries blood back to the heart

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4
Q

“Receiving chambers”
- superiorly located
- receives blood from the body
circulation and assist with filling
the ventricles

A

Atria

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5
Q

“Discharging chambers”
- inferiorly located, thick-walled
- pumps or contracts to propel
blood out of the heart and into
body circulation

A

Ventricles

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6
Q

they force blood to continually move forward through the heart by
opening and closing in response to pressure changes in the heart.

A

Heart valves

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7
Q

What type of valve

located between the atria and
ventricles
- prevent backflow into the atria when
the ventricles contract

What do you call when its located at the right? at the left?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

Left AV valve aka bicuspid valve or
mitral valve

Right AV valve aka tricuspid valve

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8
Q

Whaty type of valve

guards the bases of the two large
arteries leaving the ventricular
chambers

two locations/types?

A

Semilunar Valves

Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve

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9
Q

True or False

Each set of valves operates at a different time

A

True

The AV valves are open during heart relaxation and closed when the
ventricles are contracting.

The Semilunar valves are closed during heart relaxation and are forced open
when the ventricles contract.

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10
Q

When do AV valves open and close?

A

The AV valves are open during heart relaxation and closed when the ventricles are contracting.

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11
Q

When do Semilunar valves open and close?

A

The Semilunar valves are closed during heart relaxation and are forced open when the ventricles contract.

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12
Q

What causes the heart to beat?

2 causes

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system
  2. Intrinsic conduction system (Nodal System)
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13
Q

causes the decrease or increase of the heart rate, depending on which division is activated

A

Autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

built into the cardiac tissue and sets the basic rhythm of the heart

A

Intrinsic conduction system (Nodal system)

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15
Q

is composed of a special tissue found nowhere else in the body; it is much like a cross between muscle and nervous tissue

A

Intrinsic conduction system (Nodal system)

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16
Q

The intrinsic conduction system causes heart muscle ______________ in only one direction

In what direction

A

depolarization

—from the atria to the ventricles

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17
Q

contraction rate of the heart is approximately how many beats per minute?

A

75

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18
Q

Components of the nodal system

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
  4. Right and left bundle
    branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
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19
Q

a crescent-shaped node of tissue located in the right atrium; one of the most important parts of the intrinsic conduction system,

What name is given to this?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

“pacemaker”

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20
Q

Component of the nodal system

at the junction of the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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21
Q

component of the nodal system

“bundle of His”

A

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

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22
Q

component of the nodal system

located in the interventricular septum

A

Right and left bundle branches

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23
Q

component of the nodal system

spread within the myocardium of the ventricle walls.

A

Purkinje fibers

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24
Q

Intrinsic conduction system flow

it starts each heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart

A

SA node

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25
Q

Intrinsic conduction system flow

From the SA node, the impulse spreads through the atria to the ______________, and then the atria
contract

A

AV node

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26
Q

Initrinsic conduction system flow

At the AV node, the impulse is delayed briefly to give the atria time to finish contracting. It then passes rapidly through the ____________, the ________, and the ________

A

At the AV node, the impulse is delayed briefly to give the atria time to finish contracting. It then passes rapidly through the AV bundle, the bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers

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27
Q

The intrinsic conduction system flow Results in a

A

“wringing” contraction of the ventricles that begins at the heart apex and moves toward the atria.

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28
Q

the clinical procedure of mapping the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiography

29
Q

a rapid heart rate (more than 100 beats per minute)

A

Tachycardia

30
Q

heart rate that is substantially slower than normal (less than 60 beats per minute)

A

Bradycardia

31
Q

Neither tachycardia and bradycardia are pathological, but prolonged tachycardia may progress to
_______

A

fibrillation

32
Q

What term is used to describe the cardiac cycle and heart sounds?

Heart contraction and heart relaxation

A

Systole = heart contraction
Diastole = heart relaxation

33
Q

the events of one complete heartbeat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax

A

Cardiac cycle

34
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumetric contraction
  4. VEntricular systole (ejection phase)
  5. Isovolumetric relaxation
35
Q

What part of the cardiac cycle

  • heart completely relaxed
  • AV valves are open and blood is flowing passively through the atria into the ventricles
  • Semilunar valves are closed
A
  1. Atrial diastole (Ventricular Filling)
36
Q

What part of the cardiac cycle?

  • the atria contract as the ventricles remain in diastole (at rest)
  • blood is forced into the ventricles to complete ventricular filling
A
  1. Atrial systole
37
Q

What part of the cardiac cycle?

  • atrial systole ends, and ventricular
    systole begins
  • initial rise in intraventricular
    pressure closes the AV valves,
    preventing backflow of blood into
    the atria
  • ventricles are completely closed
A
  1. Isovolumetric contraction
38
Q

What part of the cardiac cycle?

  • ventricles continue to contract
  • the semilunar valves to open and blood is ejected from the ventricles
  • the atria are again relaxed and filling with blood
A
  1. Ventricular systole (Ejection phase)
39
Q

What part of the cardiac cycle

  • ventricular diastole begins
  • the semilunar valves close to prevent
    backflow into the ventricles
  • the ventricles are completely closed once again
  • the atria have been in diastole, filling with blood
A
  1. Isovolumetric relaxation
40
Q

Cardiac cycle

When the atrial pressure _________, the AV valves open, and the cycle repeats

increase or decrease?

A

When the atrial pressure increases, the AV valves open, and the cycle repeats

41
Q

Heart sounds are often described by the two syllables ______

What is the sequence?

A

“lub” and “dup”

the sequence is lub-dup, pause, lub-dup, pause, and so on.

42
Q

What heart sound?

caused by the closing of the AV valves; longer and louder

A

The first heart sound (lub)

43
Q

What heart sound?

when the semilunar valves close at the end of ventricular systole; short and sharp

A

The second heart sound (dup)

44
Q

Although it is a single organ, the heart functions as a ________ pump, with arteries carrying blood away from and veins carrying blood toward the heart.

A

Although it is a single organ, the heart functions as a double pump, with arteries carrying blood away from and veins carrying blood toward the heart.

45
Q

The great vessels

A
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary Trunk
  • Pulmonary Veins
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Inferior Vena Cava
46
Q

2 types of circulation

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation
  2. Systemic circulation
47
Q

Pulmonary circulation fill in the blanks

  1. The ____________ receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body (superior and inferior vena cava)
  2. The __________ pumps this blood out through the ________
  3. The _________ splits into the
    _______________ to carry blood to the ________
  4. ___________ is unloaded into the alveoli and ________ is picked up
  5. Oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and is returned to the _________ of the heart through the ___________
A
  1. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body (superior and inferior vena cava)
  2. The right ventricle pumps this blood out through the pulmonary trunk
  3. The pulmonary trunk splits into the** right and left pulmonary arteries** to carry blood to the lungs
  4. Carbon dioxide is unloaded into the alveoli and Oxygen is picked up
  5. Oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and is returned to the left atrium of the heart through the** four pulmonary veins**
48
Q

What type of circulation?

from the right ventricle (the pump) to the lungs and back to the left atrium (receiving chamber)

A

Pulmonary Circulation

49
Q

What type of circulation?

function is to carry blood to the
lungs for gas exchange (oxygen
enters the blood and carbon
dioxide enters the lungs) and
then return it to the heart

A

Pulmonary Circulation

50
Q

Systemic Circulation Fill in the Blanks

  1. Oxygen-rich blood returned to the _______ flows into the ______ and is pumped out into the _______
  2. The ____________ branch to supply oxygen to essentially all _________

3.After oxygen is delivered to tissues, _________ blood circulates from the tissues back via the _____________

  1. Systemic veins empty the blood into either the ____________
  2. The superior and inferior vena cava drains blood into the _________
A
  1. Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left atrium flows into the left ventricle and is pumped out into the aorta
  2. The systemic arteries branch to supply oxygen to essentially all body tissues

3.After oxygen is delivered to tissues, oxygen-poor blood circulates from the tissues back via the systemic veins

  1. Systemic veins empty the blood into either the superior or inferior vena cava
  2. The superior and inferior vena cava drains blood into the right atrium
51
Q

Allows blood to “take a detour” to ensure that the nutrients received from the small intestines gets delivered to the liver for these substances to be further processed before they enter the systemic circulation.

A

Hepatic Portal Circulation

52
Q

As blood flows slowly through the______, some of the nutrients are removed to be stored or processed in various ways for later release to the blood.

What circulation is this?

A

As blood flows slowly through the liver, some of the nutrients are removed to be stored or processed in various ways for later release to the
blood.

Hepatic Portal Circulation

53
Q

How does the liver help detoxify blood?

Through what circulation

A

The liver also helps detoxify blood by removing and processing toxins absorbed by the stomach and intestines.

Hepatic Portal Circulation

54
Q

Cardiac impulses can be detected on the body surface and recorded with an electrocardiograph, this process is called ___________.

A

electrocardiography

55
Q

the recording made that traces the flow of current through the heart

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

56
Q

The typical ECG has three recognizable waves

A

● P wave
● QRS complex (Q wave, R wave, S wave)
● T wave

57
Q

ECG waves

the first wave, which follows the firing of the SA node

A

P waves

58
Q

the P wave is small and signals the _______

A

depolarization of the atria immediately before they contract

59
Q

ECG waves

a large complex resulting from the
depolarization of the ventricles
- precedes the contraction of the
ventricles

A

QRS complex

60
Q

T wave

results from currents flowing during the repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave

61
Q

Atrial repolarization is generally hidden by the large ____________, which is being recorded at the same time

A

Atrial repolarization is generally hidden by the large QRS complex, which is being recorded at the same time

62
Q

ECG

time between the beginning of the P
wave and the beginning of the QRS
complex

This is the the interval between the beginning of
________ and the beginning of __________

A

P-Q interval

the interval between the beginning of electrical excitation of the atria and the beginning of excitation of the ventricles

63
Q

Roughly marks the interval of ventricular contraction (from the beginning of the Q wave up to the end of the T wave)

A

Q-T interval

64
Q

Identify the parts:
https://i.imghippo.com/files/vh7136pbk.png

A

https://i.imghippo.com/files/vh7136pbk.png

65
Q

Abnormalities in the ECG shape of the waves and changes in their timing signal what?

A
  • that something may be wrong with the nodal system,
  • or they may indicate a myocardial infarct.
66
Q

area of heart tissue in which the cardiac cells have died; it is generally a result of ischemia (inadequate blood flow)

A

Myocardial infarct “heart attack”

67
Q

abnormal rate and rhythm of the heart; may be too fast or too slow

2 types

A

Arrhythmia

Tachycardia is a rapid heart rate (more than 100 beats per minute)

Bradycardia is a heart rate that is substantially slower than normal (less than 60 beats per minute)

68
Q

quivering of the heart; during these cases the normal pattern of the ECG is totally lost, and the heart ceases to pump blood

A

Fibrillation

MT 13 LEC (3 decks)

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