f5 chap 3: nutrition in plants Flashcards
what are two types of nutrients?
macronutrients & micronutrients
list all the macronutrients
carbon, calcium, hydrogen, magnesium, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulphur, potassium (CHONSP CaM K)
list all the micronutrients
chlorine, zince, iron, copper, manganese, nickel, boron, molybdenum (CuZIMB MaCN)
function of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen in plant?
important components in carbon cycle and oxygen cycle
effect of deficiency of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in plant?
photosynthesis wont occur, less o2 released by plants, stunted growth
function of nitrogen in plant?
gives the green colour to plants through the formation of
chlorophyll
effect of deficiency of nitrogen in plant?
- chlorosis
- stunted growth,
- protein synthesis disrupted,
- underlying leaves fall off
function of potassium in plants?
1 maintains plant turgidity,
2 Important in protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism,
3 acts as cofactors for some enzymes
effect of deficiency of potassium in plant?
1 Protein synthesis disrupted,
2 premature death of plant,
3 edges of plants become yellowish
function of calcium in plants?
main component of middle lamella, cell wall and spindle
fibres during cell division
effect of deficiency of calcium in plant?
1.stunted growth,
2.distorted and lobed leaves,
3.parts between leaf veins become yellowish
function of magnesium in plants?
1.Activates some plant enzymes,
2. Involved in carbohydrate metabolism,
3. main component of structure of chlorophyll molecule
effect of deficiency of magnesium in plant?
- Red spots on leaf surfaces,
- Lobed leaves
- , parts between matured leaf veins become yellowish
function of phosphorus in plants?
1 Act as coenzymes in photosynthesis and respiration,
2 synthesises nucleic acid, ATP, and phospholipids in plasma membrane
effect of deficiency of phosphorus in plant?
- Unhealthy root growth,
- Formation of dark green and dull
coloured leaves, - red or purple spots appear on older leaves
function of sulphur in plants?
components of a few amino acids, one of vitamin B constituents and a few types of coenzymes
effect of deficiency of sulphur in plant?
Leaves or the whole plant turns yellow
a plant has all:
* Leaves undergo chlorosis
mainly on matured leaves
* Underlying leaves fall off
* Protein synthesis disrupted
* Stunted growth
what macronutrient is thsis plant lacking in?
nitrogen
function of chlorine in plants?
important in the equilibrium of osmotic pressure in cells and
photosynthesis reaction
effect of deficiency of chlorine?
Plants wilt, Slower root growth, leaves undergoes chlorosis, lesser fruits production
function of iron in plants?
Important in the growth of young plants, acts as cofactor in chlorophyll synthesis
effect of deficiency of iron in plants ?
Young leaves become yellowish
function of manganese in plants?
Activates photosynthetic enzymes, important for cell respiration, and nitrogen metabolism
effect of deficiency of manganese in plants?
Light brown or grey spots in between leaf veins, network of dark green leaf veins w background of light green
function of boron in plants?
Helps the roots in calcium ion uptake and sucrose translocation, involved in carbohydrate metabolism and helps germination of pollen
effect of deficiency of boron in plants?
death of terminal buds and abnormal growth, leaves become thicker, rolled up and fragile
function of zinc in plants?
Important in leaf formation, synthesis of auxin, acts as a cofactor in carbohydrate metabolism
effect of deficiency of zinc in plants?
Stunted growth, leaf surfaces become spotted with chlorosis parts
function of copper in plants?
Involved in nitrogen metabolism and photosynthesis, important for growth, reproduction and flower formation
effect of deficiency of copper in plants?
Death of young shoot apex, brown spots on terminal leaves, plants become stunted
function of nickel in plants?
component of plant enzymes involved in the breakdown of urea
to become ammonia which can be used by plants
effect of deficiency of nickel in plants?
Stunted growth, reduces crop production, burnt effect at end of leaves due to urea accumulation
function of molybdenum in plants?
Involves in nitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction during protein
synthesis
effect of deficiency of molybdenum in plants?
Reduces crop production, stunted growth, chlorosis in between matured leaf veins, leaf colour becomes pale green, reduces crop production
what does complete Knop’s culture solution consist of?
calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulphate, iron (iii) phosphate, distilled water (CnPnPdpI3p, H2O)
two main functions of roots?
Provide support and strength to anchor the plant in the soil, Absorb water and mineral salts from the soil and transport them to the stem and leaves
3 structures of roots?
root collar, root hairs, root cap
function of root collar?
Part of the root connected to the base of the plant stem
function of root hairs
Increases the total surface area of the roots to increase the uptake of water and mineral salts
function of root cap
protects root from damage when going through soil
how does nitrogen give green colour to plants
through formation of chlorophyll
what macronutrients are components in all organic compunds of plants and important components in synthesis of sugar?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
which nutrient is the main component of proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes in photosynthesis and respiration?
nitrogen
what is located at the tip of the root?
root cap
whats the function of epidermis in roots
-thin cell walls and water permeable cell membranes facilitate water movement in the roots
- there are epidermal cells that form root hairs by elongating towards lateral sides from outside wall
- root hair cells are not layered with cuticle to allow water absorption
- root hair cells have big vacuoles to store water and minerals to increase water absorption
are epidermal cells closely arranged?
yes
what does structure of roots compromise of?
root collar, root hairs, root cap
what does vascular cylinder consist of?
primary xylem, primary phloem, pericycle
function of cortex?
- has thin cell walls, facilitating water movement in the roots
- cells are loosely arranged to facilitate gaseous exhange
what does most of cortex consist of?
parenchyma cells
where is cortex located?
under epidermal layer
what does internal structure of roots compromise of?
endodermis, epidermis, primary xylem, primary phloem, pericycle, cambium vascular, root hair, cortex
function of endodermis?
-separating layer between cortex and vascular cylinder
- endodermis allows water and mineral salts absorbed from soil to enter vascular cylinder but not air bubbles
how are cortex cells arranged?
loosely arranged
how are endodermal cells arranged?
closely arranged
how are epidermal calls arranged?
closely arranged
what is at the wall of endodermal cells?
suberin or lignin thickening which form casparian strips
function of vascular cylinder?
when is pericycle involved
secondary growth and formation of lateral roots
whats vascular cylinder?
root core that consist of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by one cell thick pericycle cell tissues
how are xylem and phloem tissues arranged usually?
star shaped pattern
function of xylem tissue?
transports water and mineral salts
function of phloem tissue?
transports organic substances such as sucrose and plant hormone
whats nutrition?
process of organisms obtaining energy and nutrients from food for growth, maintenance and repair of damaged tissues?
what are the different adaptations to obtain nutrients?
parasitic, epiphytic, carnivorous
how do parasitic plants live?
by growing on other plants which are the hosts
how do the roots of parasitic plants absorb nutrients from host?
roots of parasitic plant absorbs organic substances, minerals and water from the host by penetrating the stem up to the vascular bundles of the host this causes parasitic plants to grow faster and flourish whereas the host is malnourished, dried and will eventually die
what are parasitic plants?
plant that lives by growing on other plants which are the hosts
what are epiphytic plants?
green plants which live on other plants which are the hosts
how come epiphytes dont harm the host?
roots of epiphytes can absorb nutrients
accumulated in the gaps of the plant’s stem.
how do epiphytic plants work?
Epiphytic plants receive more sunlight for photosynthesis by living on taller hosts. These plants synthesise their own food.
whats a physical characteristic of epiphytes?
have swollen stems that are able to store a lot of water.
what are carnivorous plants?
plants that are able to synthesise their own food by carrying out
photosynthesis.
how does carnivorous plant work?
1 plants secrete nectar and they have cups to trap their prey, typically insects
2 The prey are then slowly digested by digestive enzymes.
3 The trapped animals can supply nitrogen to the plants.
4 Nitrogen is important for growth. This is because carnivorous plants live in soil which lacks nitrogen sources.
example of parasitic plant?
rafflesia sp.
example of epiphytic plant?
orchids, or bird’s nest fern
example of carnivorous plant?
venus fly trap, or pitcher plant
