f4 chap 2: cell biology & organisation Flashcards
what are all the components of an animal cell
mitochondria, lysosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticum, golgi apparatus, ribsome, plasma membrane, centriole, nucleus
what are the two layers of membranes in mitochondria?
smooth outer
membrane and folded inner membrane
what protein assists mitochondria in cellular respiration?
enzymes
function of mitochondria
A site that generates energy through the glucose oxidation process during
cellular respiration
in which cell can centrioles be found in?
animal cell
function of centriole?
Forms spindle fibre during cell division in animal cells
function of golgi apparatus?
Processes, modifies, packs and
transports chemicals such as protein,
carbohydrate and glycoprotein
whats the plasma membrane?
Outer membrane that surrounds the entire content of cell
whats plasma membrane made of?
proteins and phospholipids
permeability of plasma membrane?
partially permeable
function of plasma membrane?
- Separates content of cell from the external environment
- Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
- Allows exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and waste materials between cells and their surroundings
what does nucleus contains?
chromosomes, nucleolus
and nucleoplasm.
function of lysosome?
- Hydrolyses complex organic molecules such as protein, nucleic acid and lipid
- Breaks down bacteria and components of damaged cells
function of nucleus ?
controls all cell activities
largest component in animal cell?
nucleus
what enzymes do lysosomes have?
hydrolytic enzymes
what do ribosomes consist of?
protein & rna
where can ribosomes be found?
Ribosomes are present on the surface of
the rough endoplasmic reticulum or exist
freely in the cytoplasm.
function of ribosomes?
Site for protein synthesis
whats the endoplasmic reticulum?
transport system within cell
function of RER?
transports proteins synthesised by
ribosomes.
function of SER?
synthesises and transports
glycerol and lipids, and carries out the detoxification of drugs and
metabolic by-products.
whats are the components of plant cell?
vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplast, cell wall,
contents of cell sap?
water
organic acids
sugars
amino acids
mineral salts
carbon dioxide
oxygen
metabolic by-products.
enzymes
WOSAM COME
whats a vacuole surrounded by?
the tonoplast membrane.
why is chloroplast green?
Contains chlorophyll pigments in the
grana that give plants a green colour
chloroplast function?
Chlorophyll absorbs
sunlight and converts
it to chemical
energy during
photosynthesis.
function of vacuole?
In unicellular animals, the
vacuole contracts during
osmoregulation, osmosis
and excretion.
what does cytoplasm contain?
organic & inorganic compunds
function of cytoplasm
Acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in cells.
whats cell wall made of?
cellulose fibre
function of cell wall?
- Maintains the shape of plant cells
- Provides mechanical support to plant cells
permeability of cell wall?
fully permeable
what are the similarities between animal & plant cell?
Both cells are made of nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
differences between animal & plant cell?
plant cells: has cell wall, has chloroplast, has fixed shape, doesnt have centrioles
animal cells: dont have cell wall, dont have chloroplast,doesnt have fixed shape, has centrioles
Unicellular organisms carry out life processes. What are all of them?
respiration, movement, nutrition, responding to stimulus, reproduction, growth and excretion.
how does amoeba move?
Amoeba sp. moves by extending out its pseudopodium. followed by the flow of cytoplasm into extended pseudopodium.
how does paramecium move?
Paramecium sp. moves using rhythmic cilia
beats.
how does amoeba obtain nutition?
- Amoeba sp. moves towards food by
extending its pseudopodium to trap food
particles by phagocytosis. - The food vacuole is combined with lysosome. The food particles are hydrolysed by the enzyme lysozyme in the lysosomes.
- The nutrients are absorbed into the
cytoplasm. - Undigested food is discharged when the
Amoeba sp. moves. Undigested food in the
Paramecium sp. is discharged through the
anus.
how do paramecium & amoeba excrete?
water will diffuse by osmosis and fill the contractile vacuole, when the vacuole expands to the maximum size, contraction occurs and water is excreted from time to time (osmoregulation)
how do unicellular organisms grow?
synthesising new cytoplasm
how do amoeba & paramecium reproduce in suitable temperature and when theres plenty of food?
via asexual reproduction that is binary fission through mitosis.
how do Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. respond to stimuli
Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. respond to
stimuli such as chemicals, touch or bright light
by moving away from the stimuli.
how does respiration work for unicellular organisms?
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
gases occur through the plasma membrane by
simple diffusion on the surface of the cell.
how do unicellular organisms excrete?
diffusion
how does amoeba reproduce when temp is not suitable, and theres food shortage?
Amoeba sp. forms spores that
will only germinate when the environment
improves.
how does paramecium reproduce when temp is not suitable, and theres food shortage?
conjugation (sexual reproduction)
function of muscle cell?
Contract and relax to generate movement
arrangement of muscle cell?
multinuclear striated
fibres
function of xylem vessel?
transporting water and mineral salts
from the roots to the other parts of the
plant
function of red blood cell?
optimise transportation of oxygen
function of nerve cell?
sends nerve impulses
function of white blood cell?
destroys pathogens
function of epithelial cells?
Coats the surface of organs such as the digestive tract
function of sieve tube element?
Transports organic materials from
leaves to storage organs
such as fruits
function of sperm cell?
The head carries a set of chromosomes from the male
function of spongy mesophyll cell
allows exchange of gas from the inside of the leaves to the palisade mesophyll cells
function of palisade mesophyll cell?
arrangement allows maximum absorption of
sunlight for photosynthesis
function of root hair cell?
Has a long projection which adds surface area for the absorption of water and
mineral salts
what does epithetial tissue cover?
covers the outer surface and hollow surfaces in the body
example of places epithelial tissue covers?
the surface of the trachea and bronchus, surface of the mouth and oesophagus
where is cardiac muscle cells found?
in the heart wall
where is smooth muscle cells found?
digestive tract, blood vessel,
urinary tract and reproductive tract)
where is skeletal muscle cells found?
in legs and hands
function of smooth muscle cell?
enable involuntary activities such as peristalsis
along the digestive tract.
function of skeletal muscle cell?
contract and relax to generate
movement in bones and limbs.
what are all the connective tissues?
loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, blood tissu, adipose tissue, bone, cartilage
function of cardiac muscle cell?
builds walls of the heart that contract to pump blood to the whole body.
whats nerve tissue made of?
nerve cells (neuron)
function of loose connective tissue?
links the epithelial
tissue to the tissue
below it, and fixes the
organs in their positions.
function of fibrous connective tissue?
These tissues form tendons
and ligaments. The tendon
connects bones and muscles
while the ligaments connect
bones to bones.
function of blood tissue?
Blood plays a functional
role in regulation,
transportation and
protection.
function of bone?
forms the body
frame and protects the
internal organs.
function of cartilage?
Cartilage encloses
bone tips to prevent
the bone from
wearing out.
types of plant tissues
meristem, permanent
types of ground tissues?
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
function of collenchyma tissue?
giving support to young, non-woody stems
function of parenchyma tissue?
store starch, protein and water.
function of sclerenchyma tissue?
providing support and mechanical
strength to all mature parts of the plant.
vasculare tissue is made up of?
xylem tissue, phloem tissue
function of xylem tissue?
transporting water and
mineral salts from the roots
to other parts of the plant.
function of phloem tissue?
transporting organic matters
such as sucrose from the leaves
to all parts of the plant.
why is there a lot of mitochondria found in a sperm cell?
Requires a lot of energy to swim
towards the uterus and Fallopian
tube to fertilise the secondary
oocytes
why is there a lot of mitochondria found in a muscle cell?
Requires a lot of energy to
contract and relax to enable
movement and flight
why is there a lot of mitochondria found in a plant meristem cell?
Requires a lot of energy to carry
out active cell division process
to produce new cells
why is there a lot of chloroplast found in a palisade mesophyll cell?
Absorbs more sunlight to
carry out the process of
photosynthesis
why is there a lot of chloroplast found in a spongy mesophyll cell?
Absorbs more sunlight to
carry out the process of
Spongy mesophyll cell photosynthesis
why is there a lot of RER & golgi apparatus found in a pancreatic cell?
Increases synthesis and
secretion of digestive enzymes
why is there a lot of RER & golgi apparatus found in a goblet cell?
Produces mucus
why is there a lot of RER & golgi apparatus found in a liver cell?
Metabolises carbohydrates
what does endocrine system consist of?
endocrine
gland that secretes
hormones
what does respiratory system consist of?
Trachea, nose, lungs and diaphragm
what does male reproductive system consist of?
Testes, prostate gland and penis
what does muscular system consist of?
Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac
muscles
what does lymphatic system consist of?
Spleen, lymph nodes and
lymph vessels
what does nervous system consist of?
Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
what does female reproductive system consist of?
Ovary, uterus, Fallopian tube, vagina
and cervix
what does blood circulatory system consist of?
Heart, artery, vein and blood capillary
what does digestive system consist of?
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas,
small intestine and large intestine
what does urinary system consist of?
Kidney, ureter, urethra and bladder
what does integumentary system consist of?
Skin
what does skeletal system consist of?
Bone, cartilage, ligament and tendon
what does shoot system consist of?
stems, leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits.
function of skeletal system?
Supports the body, protects the internal
organs
function of integumentary system?
Protects the body from physical injury,
infection and dehydration
function of muscular system?
Contracts and relaxes to produce movements in
different parts of the body
function of lymphatic system?
Maintains balance of bodily
fluids and prevents infectious
diseases
function of male reproductive system?
Produces sperm and male sex
hormone
function of female reproductive system?
Produces ovum and female sex
hormones
function of endocrine system?
Coordinates body
activities with the
nervous system
function of nervous system?
Detects and sends information in the body, as
well as coordinates body activities
function of blood circulatory system?
Transports nutrients, respiratory gases and
waste products
function of digestive system?
Digests food into a simpler form for easy
absorption
function of urinary system?
Eliminates waste products such as urea and
uric acid from the body
function of respiratory system?
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases
between the body and external environment
