F214 4.1 - Respiration Flashcards
Aerobic respiration
A series of reactions where energy is released from glucose using oxygen
Alcoholic fermentation
A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast and plants. The final product is ethanol.
Anabolic reactions
Biochemical reactions where large molecules are synthesised from smaller molecules
Anaerobic respiration
A series of reactions in which energy is released from glucose ( & other foods) in the absence of oxygen.
ATP
A molecule made up of adenine, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups. It is the immediate source of energy in a cell.
Catabolic reactions
Biochemical reactions where large molecules are hydrolysed into smaller molecules
Chemiosmosis
The movement/flow of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane via ATP synthase which generates ATP.
Coenzyme
A molecule help enzymes carry out oxidation/reduction reactions. They work by transferring a atoms/molecules from one enzyme controlled reaction to another. In respiration many coenzymes are involved with removing hydrogen atoms from substances
Decarboxylation
The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule.
Dehydrogenation
The removal of hydrogen from a molecule.
Electron carrier
A protein that transfers electrons from one molecule to another.
Electron transport chain
A chain of proteins through which excited electrons flow
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
A coenzyme which transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another.
Glycolysis
The first stage of respiration - a metabolic pathway where each molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm of all living cells and is common to both aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Krebs cycle
3rd stage of aerobic respiration. In eukaryotes occurs in matrix of mitochondria. Series of oxidation-reduction reactions that produces reduced coenzymes & ATP
Lactate fermentation
A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in mammals (and some bacteria). Lactate is the final product.
Link reaction
2nd stage of aerobic respiration. Links glycolysis with Krebs cycle. Occurs in matrix of mitochondria. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A.
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
A coenzyme attached to a dehydrogenase enzyme which accepts hydrogen atoms and transfers them to another hydrogen carrier.
Oxidation
A chemical reaction where a molecule loses electrons and may have lost hydrogen or gained oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation
The final stage in aerobic respiration. Energy carried by electrons, from reduced coenzymes, is used to make ATP.
Phosphorylation
The addition of phosphate to a molecule.
Reduction
A chemical reaction where a molecule gains electrons, and may have gained hydrogen or lost oxygen
Substrate level phosphorylation
Production of ATP via transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate high-energy substrate directly to ADP i.e. the Pi does not come from the ‘pool’ of phosphate in the cell. It occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
