F214 4.1 - Respiration

Question 1

Aerobic respiration

Answer 1

A series of reactions where energy is released from glucose using oxygen

Question 2

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 2

A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast and plants. The final product is ethanol.

Question 3

Anabolic reactions

Answer 3

Biochemical reactions where large molecules are synthesised from smaller molecules

Question 4

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 4

A series of reactions in which energy is released from glucose ( & other foods) in the absence of oxygen.

Question 5

ATP

Answer 5

A molecule made up of adenine, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups. It is the immediate source of energy in a cell.

Question 6

Catabolic reactions

Answer 6

Biochemical reactions where large molecules are hydrolysed into smaller molecules

Question 7

Chemiosmosis

Answer 7

The movement/flow of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane via ATP synthase which generates ATP.

Question 8

Coenzyme

Answer 8

A molecule help enzymes carry out oxidation/reduction reactions. They work by transferring a atoms/molecules from one enzyme controlled reaction to another. In respiration many coenzymes are involved with removing hydrogen atoms from substances

Question 9

Decarboxylation

Answer 9

The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule.

Question 10

Dehydrogenation

Answer 10

The removal of hydrogen from a molecule.

Question 11

Electron carrier

Answer 11

A protein that transfers electrons from one molecule to another.

Question 12

Electron transport chain

Answer 12

A chain of proteins through which excited electrons flow

Question 13

FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Answer 13

A coenzyme which transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another.

Question 14

Glycolysis

Answer 14

The first stage of respiration - a metabolic pathway where each molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm of all living cells and is common to both aerobic & anaerobic respiration

Question 15

Krebs cycle

Answer 15

3rd stage of aerobic respiration. In eukaryotes occurs in matrix of mitochondria. Series of oxidation-reduction reactions that produces reduced coenzymes & ATP

Question 16

Lactate fermentation

Answer 16

A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in mammals (and some bacteria). Lactate is the final product.

Question 17

Link reaction

Answer 17

2nd stage of aerobic respiration. Links glycolysis with Krebs cycle. Occurs in matrix of mitochondria. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A.

Question 18

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Answer 18

A coenzyme attached to a dehydrogenase enzyme which accepts hydrogen atoms and transfers them to another hydrogen carrier.

Question 19

Oxidation

Answer 19

A chemical reaction where a molecule loses electrons and may have lost hydrogen or gained oxygen

Question 20

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 20

The final stage in aerobic respiration. Energy carried by electrons, from reduced coenzymes, is used to make ATP.

Question 21

Phosphorylation

Answer 21

The addition of phosphate to a molecule.

Question 22

Reduction

Answer 22

A chemical reaction where a molecule gains electrons, and may have gained hydrogen or lost oxygen

Question 23

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 23

Production of ATP via transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate high-energy substrate directly to ADP i.e. the Pi does not come from the ‘pool’ of phosphate in the cell. It occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.