F2 - SEM2 - EUROPEAN COLONIAL EXPANSION - 6.2 Flashcards
What did imperialism emphasised?
Imperialism emphasised colonisation and wars to expand to expand the political power
=> obtain natural resources from colonies and control their commerce
When and which countries began European colonial expansion?
Portugal and Spain
and then Holland, Britain and France (In 17 century)
and then Italy and Germany (2nd half of 19th century)
In 19th century, which 3 regions are colonised by European countries?
- Africa
- America
- Asia
Explain the reasons why European colonised Africa?
- Refuel ships and carry up business by setup strongholds along the coast
- Rich mineral mines were found in the end of 19th century
How many percent of African lands were occupied by the great powers? Which countries remain independent?
- 95% of lands were occupied by the great powers
- Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia remain independent
Which countries did colonise America and for what reasons?
Portugal and Spain
* Central and South America
* for gold and solider mining
Britain and France
* North America
* set up plantations
* lots of American Indians were killed
Which countries in Asia became European colonies in late 19th century?
Holland
* Java
* other islands of Indonesia
Britain
* India
* Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
* Burma
* Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore)
France
* Annan (Vietnam)
* Laos
* Cambodia in the Indochina Peninsula
Name two countries that remained independence after invasion of European power
- Siam (Thailand)
- Afghanistan
What happened to Japan after invaded by European powers?
Japan became a capitalist power and invaded Korea and China
What were the methods of European colonial expansion?
-
Take away resources
* Take away gold, silver and minerals
* Setup plantation (cash crops)
* Sell back slaves -
Occupying lands
* Setup strongholds
* Setup chartered companies
* Establish sphere of influence
* Direct setup colonies -
Military backup
* gunboat diplomacy
What were the resources European countries taken away from the colonies
-
Take away gold, silver and minerals
* Portugal > Gold Coast in Africa
* Spain > Mexico and Peru -
Set up plantation (cash crops)
* Britain > tobacco and cotton in North America
* Dutch > coffee and cane sugar in Indonesia -
Selling black slaves
* need a lot workers for mining and plantation
What were the methods of occupying lands?
-
Setup strongholds
* occupied and turned major points of transportation into strongholds
* e.g. Portugal occupied Macau, Holland occupied Malacca -
Setup chartered companies
* had authority to sign treaties, issue currencies and form armies
* e.g. Dutch East India company and British East India company -
Establish spheres of influence
* expand spheres of influence to control the trade activities in the regions
* e.g. Holland owned Dutch East Indies, European powers establish spheres of influence in China -
Direct setup colonies
* occupied places of other countries and made them their colonies for markets, raw materials and investment opportunities
What is “gunboat diplomacy”?
start war with the local regimes
=> occupy their lands or force them to sign treaties
=> make them their vessels
What are the impacts of European colonial expansion?
- Establishment of a Europe-centred world econonmic system
- Formations of colonial empires
- Setting boundaries for modern Southeast Asian countries
- Misery made fo the native people
- Promoting modernisation of some regions
- Interactions of cultures and products
Explain how Europe-centered world economic system was established
- European countries bought cheap raw materials from the colonies
- European countries exported lots of industrial goods to colonies to earn profit
- gold an silver flowed to Europe enhanced the economic development and industrialization
