F2 Processdesign- design, teknik och layout Flashcards
What is a process?
A process is an arrangement of resources and activities that transform inputs into outputs that satisfy (internal or
external) customer needs
Another important aspect of a process is that the activities are carried in sequence out over time.
“Process” is a concept, i.e. a “model”. Processes don’t exist in real life. We use this concept to describe and
understand certain aspects of the world around us.
“System” is a related concept, i.e. “system” is also a model.
Process design VS Product design
To ”design” is to conceive the looks,
arrangement and workings of something
before it is created.
* The product is the end result, the
realization, of a (production) process.
* Process design and product design are
separate activities, but they are
interrelated, i.e. they overlap.
Objectives of process
design
- The point of process design is to make sure that
the performance of the process meets certain
(often pre-defined) performance objectives or
criteria - Performance criteria are typically formulated
and measured in terms of: - Quality
- Speed
- Dependability
- Flexibility
- Cost
- Sustainability
The four Vs and their implications on Process design
- Volume (of operations)
- Variety (of products)
- Variation (in demand)
- Visibility (i.e. degree of customer
involvement in the process)
These, to a large degree,
determine how processes are,
or should be, designed
Volume implications
Low
Low repetition
Each staff member performs more of each
task
Less systemisation High unit costs
High
High repeatability Specialisation Capital intensive
Low unit costs
Variaty implications
High
Flexible
Complex
Match customer needs
High unit costs
Low
Well defined Routine
Standardised Regular
Low unit costs
Variation in demand implications
High
Changing capacity Anticipation
Flexibility
In touch with demand
High unit costs
Low
Stable
Routine
Predictable
High utilisation
Low unit costs
Visibility implications
High
Short waiting tolerance Satisfaction governed by customer perception
Customer contact skills
needed
Received variety is high High unit costs
Low
Time lag between production and consumption Standardisation
Low contact skills
High staff utilisation Centralisation
Low unit costs
How Volume and Variety affect process design
Diffrent manufacturing process types
Project processes
Jobbing processes
Batch processes
Mass processes
Continues process
Service process types
Professional service
Service shops
Mass services
Process mapping
Basic concepts when designing a Production process
- Throughput time [SW: genomloppstid]
How long time, on average, it takes for an item to be produced or a customer to be served. - Cycle time [SW: cykeltid]
The average time between products being completed or customers served, i.e. how often a product
is produced or a customer is served. - Work-in-progress [SW: produkter i arbete]
How many items or clients that are being processed, on average, at any given point in time. - Work content (or process time) [SW: bearbetningstid]
Amount of work carried out per product or client.
Formulas
- Throughput time = Work-in-progress X Cycle time (Little’s Law; example p196-197)
- Throughput efficiency (%) = Work content / Throughput time (example p199-200)
Process bottlenecks
- All processes have a limited capacity. Often, the process is limited by a so called
bottleneck at a specific step (activity) in the process. - The process as a whole is not “balanced”.
- There is a “bottleneck” in the process.
DIffrent layouts
Fixed position layout
Funktional layout
Cell layout
Line layout
Advantages/disadvatages of fixed position
When to use the diffrent layouts
Advatages/disadvatages of cell layout
Advatages/disadvatages of line layout
Diffrences betwen produkt and process tech
Fyra nyckelfrågor
Vad gör tekniken annorlunda från liknande/dagens teknik?
Hur gör den det? Vad är specifikt annorlunda?
Vilka fördelar ger den nya tekniken?
Vilka begränsningar/risker följer med den nya tekniken?
Olika tekniska lösningar bidrar på olika sätt i verksamheten
Systematisk utvärdering
