F2. Intro to organ systems

Question 1

Describe systemic and pulmonary circulation

Answer 1

-pulmonary circulation goes through the lungs
-systemic circulation goes through the body
-oxygenated blood travels through the left side of the heart
-deoxygenated blood travels through the right side of the heart
ONE NOTE

Question 1

Describe cardiac muscle

Answer 1

type of striated muscle, made up of contractile cells (myocytes)

Question 2

Describe the sizes of the different blood vessels

Answer 2

artery and veins have biggest lumen, arteriole (thicker walls) and venules have smaller lumen, capillaries have smallest lumen (largest surface area) (ONE NOTE FOR STRUCTURE)

Question 3

function of the lympathic duct system?

Answer 3

drains excess interstitial fluid to circulation, and has role in immune defence (lymph “nodes” contain white blood cells) through lympathic capillaries. The spleen acts as red blood cell store and large lymph node

Question 4

what is interstitial fluid?

Answer 4

fluid that you find outside of cells which maybe due to leakage from blood capillaries. Most get reabsorbed back into capillaries but some don’t. Fluid not reabsorbed is called lymph.

Question 5

Describe the structure of arterioles

Answer 5

-has a smooth muscle layer (circular). Its contraction decreases vessel diameter, regulating blood flow e.g exercise
-endothelial cells line the inner vessel wall
ONE NOTE

Question 6

What do the lungs branch into?

Answer 6

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 7

what is the airway diameter in the lungs controlled by?

Answer 7

circular smooth muscle (targeted by salbutamol)

Question 8

Describe the salivary glands

Answer 8

fluid secretion, amylase

Question 9

Describe the stomach

Answer 9

pepsin, highly acidic, mechanical dispersion

Question 10

Describe the duodenum (small intestine)

Answer 10

trypsin, amylase lipase etc. (mainly from pancreas)
lipid emulsification via bile (from liver)

Question 11

Describe Jejunum/ ileum (small intestine)

Answer 11

absorption of digested nutrients

Question 12

Describe colon (large intestine)

Answer 12

fluid reabsorption

Question 13

what are the roles of intestinal epithelial cells?

Answer 13

-lining/ diffusion barrier
-fluid/ ion transport
-transport processes for nutrients

Question 14

function of longitudinal smooth muscle in the GI tract?

Answer 14

coordinates peristalsis- involuntary muscle contractions for movement of gut contents along GI tract

Question 15

Describe exocrine glands?

Answer 15

release contents to a body surface or through a duct e.g pancreatic enzymes

Question 16

Describe endocrine glands?

Answer 16

releasing contents to blood circulation especially hormones e.g insulin/ glucagon produced by islets of langerhans

Question 17

Describe function of liver (hepatic system)

Answer 17

many essential metabolic function e.g glucose storage (as glycogen), processing of red blood cells, bile production, metabolism of drugs/ toxins

Question 18

Describe kidney (renal system)

Answer 18

fluid, salt and waste product excretion

Question 19

Describe structure of neurone

Answer 19

-Dendrite: receives input from other neurones
-Cell Body/ Soma
-Axon: propagates electrical action potential
-Synapse: release of neurotransmitter to stimulate next neurone
-glial cells perform several supporting roles for neurones e.g production of myelin sheath ONE NOTE