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Molecular cell bio > F lec 20 > Flashcards

F lec 20 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

often referred to as programmed cell death or cell suicide - cell death via active cellular response to extracellular or intracellular signals

A

apoptosis

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2
Q

guy who developed C elegans as a model system in the early 60s - advantages of C. elegans:

A

Sid Brenner

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3
Q

guy who invented the lineage map that revealed that many cells undergo programmed cell death in the early 70s

A

john sulston

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4
Q

guy who screened for genes that when mutated allowed cells to continue to divide - CED genes in the early 80s

A

robert horvitz

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5
Q

passive process of cell death resulting from damage to the cell

A

necrosis

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6
Q

cell death that involves activation of a cell death signaling pathway

A

apoptosis

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7
Q

features of apoptotic cells:

A

JUST READ IT

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8
Q

features of apoptotic cells: (6 of them)

A

cytoskeleton collapse, NEB, chromatin condenses and breaks into fragments, cell surface blebbing, apoptotic bodies, cells are phagocytized

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9
Q

necrotic cells swell, burst, and their cellular contents illicit an ________________ ______________

A

inflammatory response

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10
Q

_______________ cells swell, burst, and their cellular contents illicit an inflammatory response

A

necrotic

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11
Q

apoptotic cells can be identified by incubation in _________________ ____________

A

acridine orange

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12
Q

acridine orange is _________ _________________ to normal cell membranes

A

not permeable

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13
Q

apoptotic cell membranes lose their integrity and so therefore _____________ ____________ can enter apoptotic cells and stain the DNA, but not normal cells

A

acridine orange

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14
Q

___________________ ______ _______________ of apoptotic cells can be detected on a DNA gel

A

chromosomal DNA fragmentation

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15
Q

if you were to run a DNA gel of normal healthy cells, you would get _____#__ band(s)

A

1

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16
Q

if you were to run a DNA gel of apoptotic cells, you would get __________ band(s)

A

many (indicating chromosomal fragmentation)

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17
Q

taking cells and incubating them with an enzyme called terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase –> this enzyme + labeled nucleotide (fluorescently labeled) and the enzyme attaches nucleotides to the ends of DNA - BUT in a normal cell there are not many ends anyways because sheltrin complexes are functioning so incubating with enzyme doesnt do anything and the cell doesnt fluoresce - BUT in apoptotic cells the chromosomes fragment and then the ends of DNA can be fluorescently labeled with this enzyme

A

TUNEL labeling

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18
Q

the enzyme used in TUNEL labeling to label DNA ends

A

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

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19
Q

another process that occurs during apoptosis that can be used as an assay is ______________ _____________, which occurs when a phosphatidyl serine flips to the outside of the cell membrane and acts as a signal for macrophages to come eat it

A

membrane flipping

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20
Q

another process that occurs during apoptosis that can be used as an assay is membrane flipping, which occurs when a _______________ _____________ flips to the outside of the cell membrane and acts as a signal for macrophages to come eat it

A

phosphatidyl serine

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21
Q

another process that occurs during apoptosis that can be used as an assay is membrane flipping, which occurs when a phosphatidyl serine flips to the outside of the cell membrane and acts as a signal for _________________ to come eat it

A

macrophages

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22
Q

to assay for membrane flipping in apoptotic cells, you can label cells that have an exposed phosphatidyl serine using _______________

A

annexin5

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23
Q

in apoptotic cells, mitochondrial activity is ____________, which can be assayed for

A

lost

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24
Q

the loss of mitochondrial activity in apoptotic cells can be assayed for using _________________ charged fluorescent dyes that accumulate in the active mitochondria of healthy cells like rhodamine 123 causing the mitochondria to fluoresce

A

positively

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25
Q

the loss of mitochondrial activity in apoptotic cells can be assayed for using positively charged fluorescent dyes that accumulate in the active mitochondria of _____________ cells like rhodamine 123 causing the mitochondria to fluoresce

A

healthy

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26
Q

the loss of mitochondrial activity in apoptotic cells can be assayed for using positively charged fluorescent dyes that accumulate in the active mitochondria of healthy cells like ________________ causing the mitochondria to fluoresce

A

rhodamine 123

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27
Q

in apoptotic cells, the mitochondria loses its activity and with it its electrochemical gradient and therefore its interior negative charge and so rhodamine 123 ____________________ (fluoresces/ no longer fluoresces) –> acting as an indicator for apoptotic cells

A

no longer fluoresces

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28
Q

since mitochondria are ________________ charged on the inside, positively charged fluorescent dyes can be labeled to measure their activity (activity is defined as maintaining that electrochemical gradient that they’re so fckn proud of)

A

negatively (in healthy cells)

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29
Q

since mitochondria are negatively charged on the inside, _______________ charged fluorescent dyes can be labeled to measure their activity (activity is defined as maintaining that electrochemical gradient that they’re so fckn proud of)

A

positively

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30
Q

an assay for apoptotic cells:

A

caspases

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31
Q

an assay for apoptotic cells:

A

pro-caspase

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32
Q

an assay for apoptotic cells:

A

antibodies

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33
Q

__________________ are proteases involved in apoptosis with many various cell targets that must be activated by cleaving of its pro domain

A

caspases

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34
Q

caspases are ___________________ involved in apoptosis with many different cell targets

A

proteases

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35
Q

inactive version of a caspase

A

procaspase

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36
Q

procaspases require the cleavage of their _______________________ _______ ____________ in order to become active proteases

A

N-terminal pro domain

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37
Q

active caspases can activate other __________________

A

procaspases

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38
Q

caspases cleave the _______________ _______________ to break down the nucleus

A

nuclear lamins

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39
Q

caspases that once activated have the job of activating other downstream caspases that will eventually go on to cleave various targets in the cell

A

initiator/ activator caspases

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40
Q

caspases that, once activated, will go on to cleave various cell targets

A

executioner/ effector caspases (activated by initiator/ activator caspases)

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41
Q

the activation of ________________ ________________ is what starts apoptosis

A

initiator caspases (activator caspases)

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42
Q

initiator caspase activation leads to rapid amplification of a ______________ _______________

A

caspase cascade

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43
Q

caspase activation leads to ____________ and _________________ initiation of apoptosis

A

rapid, irreversible

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44
Q

2 pathways that can activate caspases:

A

intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway

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45
Q

_______________ pathway of apoptosis:

A

intrinsic

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46
Q

_______________ pathway of apoptosis:

A

extrinsic

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47
Q

the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves __________________, whereas the extrinsic pathway does not

A

Mitochondria

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48
Q

the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is regulated by the ___________________ family of proteins

A

BH-domain

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49
Q

intrinsic apoptotic pathway:

A

BH123

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50
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

cytochrome c (part of ETC) (cyt c)

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51
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

apoptosome, activator caspases

52
Q

___________ proteins have a structure similar to BH-domain proteins but actually functions to inhibit pore formation caused by BH123 proteins

A

Bcl2 (pro-survival anti-apoptotic)

53
Q

_________ ____________ ____________ proteins have the function of inhibiting Bcl2 and therefore are pro-apoptotic since they free up BH123 domain proteins

A

BH3 only domain (pro death anti-survival)

54
Q

Bcl2 inhibits the __________________ of BH123 proteins and therefore prevents pore formation in the mitochondrial membranes

A

aggregation

55
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

APAF1

56
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

apoptosome

57
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

initiator caspases

58
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

p53

59
Q

the key event in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

cytochrome c release from the mitochondria

60
Q

intrinsic pathway:

A

CARD

61
Q

intrinsic pathway:

A

multimerization

62
Q

intrinsic pathway:

A

apoptosome

63
Q

intrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

A

procaspase 9

64
Q

intrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

A

close proximity (even in its pro form, procaspase 9 can cleave other procaspase 9s into caspase 9s)

65
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

executioner caspases

66
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

IAPs

67
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

anti-IAPs (pro apoptotic)

68
Q

__________________ proteins promote apoptosis by sending anti-IAPs out of the mitochondria along with cytochrome c

A

BH123 domain

69
Q

IAPs that are ubiquitous in the cytosol prevent apoptosis by binding to activated ________________ to prevent them from functioning

A

caspases

70
Q

viruses want cells to live so they can take advantage of their replication machinery, so one way they do this is creating their own _____________

A

IAPs

71
Q

anti-IAP genes are __________ targets

A

p53 (pro-apoptotic)

72
Q

__________ were first identified as viral proteins that prevent host cell apoptosis

A

IAPs

73
Q

IAPs were first identified as ____________ proteins that prevent host cell apoptosis

A

viral

74
Q

IAPs block ________________ activity

A

caspase 9

75
Q

anti-IAPs promote _________________ activity

A

caspase 9

76
Q

many growth factors/ mitogens are also _________________ _________________

A

survival factors

77
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

Pl3-kinase

78
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

receptor tyrosine kinases

79
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

Akt

80
Q

intrinsic apoptosis:

A

BH3

81
Q

cell competition can lead to __________________, which is the major mechanism for organizing neural connections (since we start off with more neurons than we need)

A

apoptosis

82
Q

the apoptosis of neurons to organize them is referred to as neuron _______________

A

pruning

83
Q

since target cells secrete survival factors in limited amounts, the first neurons that make a proper ________________ with a target cell will survive - the second neurons there will undergo apoptosis

A

synapse

84
Q

since target cells secrete _____________ _____________ in _______________ amounts, the first neurons that make a proper synapse with a target cell will survive - the second neurons there will undergo apoptosis

A

survival factors, limited (second neurons die because they cannot get enough survival factors)

85
Q

RTK activation can lead to a pathway that promotes cell survival - Pl3-kinase activates Akt, which then phosphorylates and inhibits BH3 only domain proteins so therefore Bcl2 is free to inhibit BH123 proteins

A

JUST READ IT

86
Q

another name for the BH3 only domain protein

A

Bad

87
Q

to _____________ apoptosis:

A

prevent

88
Q

to prevent apoptosis:

A

MAP Kinase

89
Q

to prevent apoptosis:

A

anti-IAP, Hid

90
Q

to prevent apoptosis:

A

inhibit

91
Q

both Akt and MAPK promote _______________

A

survival

92
Q

not only does p53 activate the transcription of p21, but it also binds upstream of the ________ gene and represses it

A

Bcl2

93
Q

not only does p53 activate the transcription of p21, but it also binds upstream of the Bcl2 gene and represses it –> and since Bcl2 is pro survival, the logic goes then that p53 is pro-_________________

A

apoptosis

94
Q

p53 _______________ Bcl2

A

inhibits

95
Q

p53 ___________________ BH3 only protein and BH123 protein

A

induces

96
Q

p53 inhibits the transcription of _________________ proteins

A

survival

97
Q

p53 induces the transcription of ______________________ proteins

A

pro-apoptotic

98
Q

p53 _________________ the expression of anti-IAPs

A

induces (= more caspace activation since IAPs are inhibited)

99
Q

DNA damage and other cellular stress (ex agnoxia) lead to _________ induction

A

p53

100
Q

p53 causes cell cycle arrest by activating _________ expression

A

p21

101
Q

p53 induces apoptosis by activating the expression of _______________, __________________, _______________, and ________________

A

BH123, BH3-only, Fas receptor, anti-IAPs

102
Q

p53 induces apoptosis by repressing _____________ expression

A

Bcl2

103
Q

Fas receptor expression is promoted by p53, but is a part of the _______________ pathway of apoptosis

A

extrinsic

104
Q

the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis is that in the extrinsic pathway, ________________ _____ ___________________ tell a cell to undergo apoptosis

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

105
Q

________________ ________________ are present on most of our cells because they are always ready to commit apoptosis

A

death receptors

106
Q

in a virus-infected cell, viral peptides can be displayed on _________ ______________ proteins on the surface of all cells, attracting a cytotoxic T lymphocytes to bind to the complex

A

MHC domain

107
Q

in a virus-infected cell, viral peptides can be displayed on MHC domain proteins on the surface of all cells, attracting a ________________ _____ ________________ to bind to the complex

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

108
Q

if the peptide displayed on the MHC is ___________ then the T cell does not recognize it

A

self

109
Q

if the peptide displayed on the MHC is ______________ then the T cell recognizes it

A

foreign

110
Q

once the cytotoxic T lymphocyte binds to the MHC with the foreign peptide, the ________________ pathway of apoptosis is activated by a signal

A

extrinsic

111
Q

once the cytotoxic T lymphocyte binds to the MHC with the foreign peptide, transmembrane proteins need to bind to transmembrane receptors on the outside of the cell - this is where the ________ ligand is involved in inducing apoptosis

A

Fas

112
Q

the ligand of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins that are integral membrane protein ligands

A

FasL

113
Q

FasL proteins function as ____________________

A

homotrimers

114
Q

receptor that is a member of the TNF-receptor family and is expressed on most or all cells - activation of this leads to caspase 8 (initiator caspase) activation

A

Fas receptor

115
Q

activation of the _______ _______________ leads to caspase 8 (initiator caspase) activation

A

Fas receptor

116
Q

activation of the Fas receptor leads to ______________ (______________ caspase) activation

A

caspase 8, initiator

117
Q

p53 _________________ Fas receptor gene expression

A

induces (therefore pro-apoptosis)

118
Q

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

A

FADD

119
Q

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

A

procaspase 8

120
Q

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

A

apoptosome

121
Q

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

A

proximity

122
Q

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

A

initiator caspase 8

123
Q

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:

A

DISC (death induced signaling complex)

124
Q

what is the functional equivalent of the apoptosome in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

DISC

125
Q

at the ___________ in the extrinsic signaling pathway for apoptosis, procaspases gather and are cleaved by eachother before being released

A

DISC

Molecular cell bio (8 decks)

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