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F lec 20 Flashcards

1
Q

often referred to as programmed cell death or cell suicide - cell death via active cellular response to extracellular or intracellular signals

A

apoptosis

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2
Q

guy who developed C elegans as a model system in the early 60s - advantages of C. elegans:

A

Sid Brenner

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3
Q

guy who invented the lineage map that revealed that many cells undergo programmed cell death in the early 70s

A

john sulston

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4
Q

guy who screened for genes that when mutated allowed cells to continue to divide - CED genes in the early 80s

A

robert horvitz

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5
Q

passive process of cell death resulting from damage to the cell

A

necrosis

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6
Q

cell death that involves activation of a cell death signaling pathway

A

apoptosis

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7
Q

features of apoptotic cells:

A

JUST READ IT

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8
Q

features of apoptotic cells: (6 of them)

A

cytoskeleton collapse, NEB, chromatin condenses and breaks into fragments, cell surface blebbing, apoptotic bodies, cells are phagocytized

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9
Q

necrotic cells swell, burst, and their cellular contents illicit an ________________ ______________

A

inflammatory response

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10
Q

_______________ cells swell, burst, and their cellular contents illicit an inflammatory response

A

necrotic

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11
Q

apoptotic cells can be identified by incubation in _________________ ____________

A

acridine orange

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12
Q

acridine orange is _________ _________________ to normal cell membranes

A

not permeable

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13
Q

apoptotic cell membranes lose their integrity and so therefore _____________ ____________ can enter apoptotic cells and stain the DNA, but not normal cells

A

acridine orange

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14
Q

___________________ ______ _______________ of apoptotic cells can be detected on a DNA gel

A

chromosomal DNA fragmentation

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15
Q

if you were to run a DNA gel of normal healthy cells, you would get _____#__ band(s)

A

1

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16
Q

if you were to run a DNA gel of apoptotic cells, you would get __________ band(s)

A

many (indicating chromosomal fragmentation)

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17
Q

taking cells and incubating them with an enzyme called terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase –> this enzyme + labeled nucleotide (fluorescently labeled) and the enzyme attaches nucleotides to the ends of DNA - BUT in a normal cell there are not many ends anyways because sheltrin complexes are functioning so incubating with enzyme doesnt do anything and the cell doesnt fluoresce - BUT in apoptotic cells the chromosomes fragment and then the ends of DNA can be fluorescently labeled with this enzyme

A

TUNEL labeling

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18
Q

the enzyme used in TUNEL labeling to label DNA ends

A

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

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19
Q

another process that occurs during apoptosis that can be used as an assay is ______________ _____________, which occurs when a phosphatidyl serine flips to the outside of the cell membrane and acts as a signal for macrophages to come eat it

A

membrane flipping

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20
Q

another process that occurs during apoptosis that can be used as an assay is membrane flipping, which occurs when a _______________ _____________ flips to the outside of the cell membrane and acts as a signal for macrophages to come eat it

A

phosphatidyl serine

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21
Q

another process that occurs during apoptosis that can be used as an assay is membrane flipping, which occurs when a phosphatidyl serine flips to the outside of the cell membrane and acts as a signal for _________________ to come eat it

A

macrophages

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22
Q

to assay for membrane flipping in apoptotic cells, you can label cells that have an exposed phosphatidyl serine using _______________

A

annexin5

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23
Q

in apoptotic cells, mitochondrial activity is ____________, which can be assayed for

A

lost

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24
Q

the loss of mitochondrial activity in apoptotic cells can be assayed for using _________________ charged fluorescent dyes that accumulate in the active mitochondria of healthy cells like rhodamine 123 causing the mitochondria to fluoresce

A

positively

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25
the loss of mitochondrial activity in apoptotic cells can be assayed for using positively charged fluorescent dyes that accumulate in the active mitochondria of _____________ cells like rhodamine 123 causing the mitochondria to fluoresce
healthy
26
the loss of mitochondrial activity in apoptotic cells can be assayed for using positively charged fluorescent dyes that accumulate in the active mitochondria of healthy cells like ________________ causing the mitochondria to fluoresce
rhodamine 123
27
in apoptotic cells, the mitochondria loses its activity and with it its electrochemical gradient and therefore its interior negative charge and so rhodamine 123 ____________________ (fluoresces/ no longer fluoresces) --> acting as an indicator for apoptotic cells
no longer fluoresces
28
since mitochondria are ________________ charged on the inside, positively charged fluorescent dyes can be labeled to measure their activity (activity is defined as maintaining that electrochemical gradient that they're so fckn proud of)
negatively (in healthy cells)
29
since mitochondria are negatively charged on the inside, _______________ charged fluorescent dyes can be labeled to measure their activity (activity is defined as maintaining that electrochemical gradient that they're so fckn proud of)
positively
30
an assay for apoptotic cells:
caspases
31
an assay for apoptotic cells:
pro-caspase
32
an assay for apoptotic cells:
antibodies
33
__________________ are proteases involved in apoptosis with many various cell targets that must be activated by cleaving of its pro domain
caspases
34
caspases are ___________________ involved in apoptosis with many different cell targets
proteases
35
inactive version of a caspase
procaspase
36
procaspases require the cleavage of their _______________________ _______ ____________ in order to become active proteases
N-terminal pro domain
37
active caspases can activate other __________________
procaspases
38
caspases cleave the _______________ _______________ to break down the nucleus
nuclear lamins
39
caspases that once activated have the job of activating other downstream caspases that will eventually go on to cleave various targets in the cell
initiator/ activator caspases
40
caspases that, once activated, will go on to cleave various cell targets
executioner/ effector caspases (activated by initiator/ activator caspases)
41
the activation of ________________ ________________ is what starts apoptosis
initiator caspases (activator caspases)
42
initiator caspase activation leads to rapid amplification of a ______________ _______________
caspase cascade
43
caspase activation leads to ____________ and _________________ initiation of apoptosis
rapid, irreversible
44
2 pathways that can activate caspases:
intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway
45
_______________ pathway of apoptosis:
intrinsic
46
_______________ pathway of apoptosis:
extrinsic
47
the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves __________________, whereas the extrinsic pathway does not
Mitochondria
48
the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is regulated by the ___________________ family of proteins
BH-domain
49
intrinsic apoptotic pathway:
BH123
50
intrinsic apoptosis:
cytochrome c (part of ETC) (cyt c)
51
intrinsic apoptosis:
apoptosome, activator caspases
52
___________ proteins have a structure similar to BH-domain proteins but actually functions to inhibit pore formation caused by BH123 proteins
Bcl2 (pro-survival anti-apoptotic)
53
_________ ____________ ____________ proteins have the function of inhibiting Bcl2 and therefore are pro-apoptotic since they free up BH123 domain proteins
BH3 only domain (pro death anti-survival)
54
Bcl2 inhibits the __________________ of BH123 proteins and therefore prevents pore formation in the mitochondrial membranes
aggregation
55
intrinsic apoptosis:
APAF1
56
intrinsic apoptosis:
apoptosome
57
intrinsic apoptosis:
initiator caspases
58
intrinsic apoptosis:
p53
59
the key event in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis
cytochrome c release from the mitochondria
60
intrinsic pathway:
CARD
61
intrinsic pathway:
multimerization
62
intrinsic pathway:
apoptosome
63
intrinsic pathway of apoptosis:
procaspase 9
64
intrinsic pathway of apoptosis:
close proximity (even in its pro form, procaspase 9 can cleave other procaspase 9s into caspase 9s)
65
intrinsic apoptosis:
executioner caspases
66
intrinsic apoptosis:
IAPs
67
intrinsic apoptosis:
anti-IAPs (pro apoptotic)
68
__________________ proteins promote apoptosis by sending anti-IAPs out of the mitochondria along with cytochrome c
BH123 domain
69
IAPs that are ubiquitous in the cytosol prevent apoptosis by binding to activated ________________ to prevent them from functioning
caspases
70
viruses want cells to live so they can take advantage of their replication machinery, so one way they do this is creating their own _____________
IAPs
71
anti-IAP genes are __________ targets
p53 (pro-apoptotic)
72
__________ were first identified as viral proteins that prevent host cell apoptosis
IAPs
73
IAPs were first identified as ____________ proteins that prevent host cell apoptosis
viral
74
IAPs block ________________ activity
caspase 9
75
anti-IAPs promote _________________ activity
caspase 9
76
many growth factors/ mitogens are also _________________ _________________
survival factors
77
intrinsic apoptosis:
Pl3-kinase
78
intrinsic apoptosis:
receptor tyrosine kinases
79
intrinsic apoptosis:
Akt
80
intrinsic apoptosis:
BH3
81
cell competition can lead to __________________, which is the major mechanism for organizing neural connections (since we start off with more neurons than we need)
apoptosis
82
the apoptosis of neurons to organize them is referred to as neuron _______________
pruning
83
since target cells secrete survival factors in limited amounts, the first neurons that make a proper ________________ with a target cell will survive - the second neurons there will undergo apoptosis
synapse
84
since target cells secrete _____________ _____________ in _______________ amounts, the first neurons that make a proper synapse with a target cell will survive - the second neurons there will undergo apoptosis
survival factors, limited (second neurons die because they cannot get enough survival factors)
85
RTK activation can lead to a pathway that promotes cell survival - Pl3-kinase activates Akt, which then phosphorylates and inhibits BH3 only domain proteins so therefore Bcl2 is free to inhibit BH123 proteins
JUST READ IT
86
another name for the BH3 only domain protein
Bad
87
to _____________ apoptosis:
prevent
88
to prevent apoptosis:
MAP Kinase
89
to prevent apoptosis:
anti-IAP, Hid
90
to prevent apoptosis:
inhibit
91
both Akt and MAPK promote _______________
survival
92
not only does p53 activate the transcription of p21, but it also binds upstream of the ________ gene and represses it
Bcl2
93
not only does p53 activate the transcription of p21, but it also binds upstream of the Bcl2 gene and represses it --> and since Bcl2 is pro survival, the logic goes then that p53 is pro-_________________
apoptosis
94
p53 _______________ Bcl2
inhibits
95
p53 ___________________ BH3 only protein and BH123 protein
induces
96
p53 inhibits the transcription of _________________ proteins
survival
97
p53 induces the transcription of ______________________ proteins
pro-apoptotic
98
p53 _________________ the expression of anti-IAPs
induces (= more caspace activation since IAPs are inhibited)
99
DNA damage and other cellular stress (ex agnoxia) lead to _________ induction
p53
100
p53 causes cell cycle arrest by activating _________ expression
p21
101
p53 induces apoptosis by activating the expression of _______________, __________________, _______________, and ________________
BH123, BH3-only, Fas receptor, anti-IAPs
102
p53 induces apoptosis by repressing _____________ expression
Bcl2
103
Fas receptor expression is promoted by p53, but is a part of the _______________ pathway of apoptosis
extrinsic
104
the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis is that in the extrinsic pathway, ________________ _____ ___________________ tell a cell to undergo apoptosis
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
105
________________ ________________ are present on most of our cells because they are always ready to commit apoptosis
death receptors
106
in a virus-infected cell, viral peptides can be displayed on _________ ______________ proteins on the surface of all cells, attracting a cytotoxic T lymphocytes to bind to the complex
MHC domain
107
in a virus-infected cell, viral peptides can be displayed on MHC domain proteins on the surface of all cells, attracting a ________________ _____ ________________ to bind to the complex
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
108
if the peptide displayed on the MHC is ___________ then the T cell does not recognize it
self
109
if the peptide displayed on the MHC is ______________ then the T cell recognizes it
foreign
110
once the cytotoxic T lymphocyte binds to the MHC with the foreign peptide, the ________________ pathway of apoptosis is activated by a signal
extrinsic
111
once the cytotoxic T lymphocyte binds to the MHC with the foreign peptide, transmembrane proteins need to bind to transmembrane receptors on the outside of the cell - this is where the ________ ligand is involved in inducing apoptosis
Fas
112
the ligand of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins that are integral membrane protein ligands
FasL
113
FasL proteins function as ____________________
homotrimers
114
receptor that is a member of the TNF-receptor family and is expressed on most or all cells - activation of this leads to caspase 8 (initiator caspase) activation
Fas receptor
115
activation of the _______ _______________ leads to caspase 8 (initiator caspase) activation
Fas receptor
116
activation of the Fas receptor leads to ______________ (______________ caspase) activation
caspase 8, initiator
117
p53 _________________ Fas receptor gene expression
induces (therefore pro-apoptosis)
118
extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:
FADD
119
extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:
procaspase 8
120
extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:
apoptosome
121
extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:
proximity
122
extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:
initiator caspase 8
123
extrinsic pathway of apoptosis:
DISC (death induced signaling complex)
124
what is the functional equivalent of the apoptosome in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
DISC
125
at the ___________ in the extrinsic signaling pathway for apoptosis, procaspases gather and are cleaved by eachother before being released
DISC

Molecular cell bio (8 decks)

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