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FINALS > F/E > Flashcards

F/E Flashcards

1
Q

A low arterial pH due to reduces bicarbonate concentration is called

A

Metabolic Acidosis

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2
Q

A low arterial pH due to increased PCO2 is called

A

Respiratory Acidosis

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3
Q

This refers to an acid-base imbalance characterized by an increased in H+ concentration which in return has decrease blood pH

A

Acidosis

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4
Q

Makes up 60% of our body weight and is classified to be a weak electrolyte in addition to acetic acid

A

water

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5
Q

most abundant anion in the ECF

A

chloride (Cl-)

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6
Q

most abundant cation in the ECF

A

Sodium (Na+)

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7
Q

anion electrolytes found in the ECF

A

Chloride and Bicarbonate

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8
Q

cation electrolytes found in the ECF

A

Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium

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9
Q

cation electrolytes found in the ICF

A

Potassium and Magnesium

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10
Q

anion electrolytes found in the ICF

A

Phosphates, Sulfates and Proteins

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11
Q

Most abundant anion electrolyte in the ICF

A

Phosphates

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12
Q

Most abundant cation electrolyte found in the ICF

A

Potassium

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13
Q

The ECF is subdivided into what following fluid space

A

Intravascular, interstitial and transcellular

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14
Q

a shift of fluid from the vascular space (ECF) into an area where it is not available to support normal physiologic processes

A

Third space fluid shift/third spacing

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15
Q

Major cations in the body fluid are:

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen ions

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16
Q

Major anions in the body fluid are:

A

chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate and proteinate ions

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17
Q

Refers to the pressure exerted by the fluid in the walls of the blood vessels.

A

hydrostatic pressure

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18
Q

True of False: Obese clients has more fluid volume because fat contains more water

A

FALSE

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19
Q

What is the average fluid input and output in a 24 hour period?

A

2500 ml

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20
Q

True or False: To maintain normal balance input and output should approximately be equal thus an intake of 2500 ml should have an output of 2600 ml

A

FALSE

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21
Q

the process by which water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

A

Osmosis

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22
Q

True or False: Osmosis continues until the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.

A

TRUE - osmosis is into equilibrium of concentration

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23
Q

ability of all solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from one compartment to another

A

Tonicity - also determines the normal state of cellular hydration and cell size

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24
Q

the amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosis. It is primarily determined by the concentration of solutes

A

Osmotic pressure

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25
Q

the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins e.g. albumin

A

Oncotic pressure

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26
Q

The increase in urine output caused by the excretion of substances, such as glucose, mannitol or contrast agents in the urine

A

Osmotic diuresis

27
Q

why does proteins in the bloodstream exert oncotic pressure

A

to pull fluid out of the interstitial space into the intravascular space to maintain fluid balance and osmolality.
average COP is 28 mmHg, a pressure that remains constant across the capillary

28
Q

the process by which solute molecules move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration to become evenly distributed.

A

Diffusion

29
Q

Two types of diffusion

A

Simple and Facilitated

30
Q

occurs by the random movement of particles through a solution. Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and solutes move between plasma and the interstitial space

A

Simple Diffusion

31
Q

also called carrier-mediated diffusion
allows large water-soluble molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, to diffuse across cell membranes. Proteins embedded in the cell membrane function as carriers, helping large molecules cross the membrane.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

32
Q

What type of energy transport does the glucose use

A

Facilitated Diffusion

33
Q

is the process by which water and dissolved substances (solutes) move from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure. This usually occurs across capillary membranes.
and is influenced by hydrostatic pressure

A

Filtration

34
Q

osmolality is measured in

A

mOsm/kg

35
Q

osmolarity is measured in

A

mOsm/L

36
Q

normal range of urine specific gravity - done by sending a 20 ml urine sample to the lab and test through a dip stick. The larger the urine volume the lower the specific gravity.

A

1.010 - 1.025

37
Q

What will the lungs do if there is increased carbon dioxide in order to reduce the acid low

A

The lungs will increase rate and depth of respiration - Hyperventilation

38
Q

Causes of Third Spacing

A

■ intestinal obstruction
■ pancreatitis
■ crushing traumatic injuries
■ bleeding (trauma or
dissected aortic aneurysm)
■ peritonitis
■ major venous obstruction

39
Q

FVD/Intravascular fluid volume
Deficit s/sx:

A

■ Increase HR
■ decreased BP
■ decreased CVP
■ edema
■ increased Body weight
■ imbalances in the input and
output of the patient.

40
Q

Four Major Causes of edematous state

A
  1. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure in the
    capillary (e.g., Burns, Liver Failure)
  2. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
    (e.g., Congestive Heart Failure)
  3. Increased capillary permeability (e.g.,
    Burns, Allergic Reactions)
  4. Lymphatic obstruction or increased
    interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (e.g.,
    Surgical removal of lymph structures)
41
Q

Management of Edema

A

● Diuretic Therapy
● Elevating the affected extremity
● Elevating Support stockings in the morning
● Albumin IV

42
Q

Manifestations of sever FVD

A

oliguria
Possible coma
Falling systolic/diastolic pressure

43
Q

Indication for what fluid condition if patient experience decrease body temperature

A

Isotonic FVD

44
Q

Indication for what fluid condition if patient experience increase body temperature

A

dehydration

45
Q

Weight loss for Mild dehydration

A

2% (2-5%)

46
Q

Weight loss for Moderate dehydration

A

5% (6-9%)

47
Q

Weight loss for Severe Dehydration

A

8% (>10%)

48
Q

Normal CVP

A

2-6mm Hg

49
Q

Weight loss for Mild dehydration

A

Hypovolemic shock from
hemorrhage, fluid shift, dehydration

50
Q

Manifestations of extracellular fluid overload

A

edema, bounding pulse, jugular vein distention, moist crackles - pulmonary edema, tachycardia, hypertension

51
Q

also known as water intoxication – sobrang
pag inom ng water

A

Intracellular overload

52
Q

Diuretic drug used to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of henle

A

Loop Diuretics: furosemide, ethacrynic acid, Bumetanide, torsemide

53
Q

Type of diuretics that promote the excretion of sodium chloride, potassium and water by decreasing absorption in the distal tubule

A

Thiazide
○ Bendroflumethiazide
○ Chlorothiazide
○ Hydrochlorothiazide
○ Metolazone
○ Polythiazide
○ Chlorthalidone
○ Trichlormethiazide
○ Indamide
○ Xipamide

54
Q

Promote excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting
sodium-potassium exchange in the distal tubule.

A

POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS
○ Spironolactone–famous
○ Amioride
○ Triamterene

55
Q

Both sodium and water levels
decrease in the extracellular area,
but sodium loss is greater than
water loss

A

Hypovolemic

56
Q

Both water and sodium levels
increase in the extracellular area,
but the water gain is more
impressive. Serum sodium levels
are diluted and edema also occurs.

A

Hypervolemic

56
Q

Both water and sodium levels
increase in the extracellular area,
but the water gain is more
impressive. Serum sodium levels
are diluted and edema also occurs.

A

Hypervolemic

57
Q

surgical procedure wherein they
are going to remove the eschar or the dead
cells/tissue in order facilitate blood flow and to
promote wound healing

A

Debridement

58
Q

Surgical incision through the eschar
into the subcutaneous tissues to allow the
extremity to continue to swell without compressing
the underlying blood vessels

A

Escharotomy

59
Q

Surgical procedure where the
fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure
commonly to treat the resulting loss of
circulation to an area of tissue or muscle.

A

Fasciotomy

60
Q

Is a limb-saving procedure when
used to treat acute compartment
syndrome

A

Fasciotomy

61
Q

○ Soften the scar and increases joint
mobility
○ Side effects: associated with
hypersensitivity reaction, decrease
in the WBC

A

● Silver Sulfadiazine cream

62
Q

Painful upon application;
hypersensitivity, acid base
imbalance

A

Mafenide Acetate cream

FINALS (3 decks)

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