EYES

Question 0

Glaucoma

Mech (3 steps), Assoc (2)?

Answer 0

MECH:
Impaired drainage of aq humor thr trabecular meshwork ->
↑Intraocular P ->
Optic Disk atrophy with cupping.

ASSOC:

• ↑age
• Myopia

Question 1

Open/Wide Angle Glaucoma

Def’n, Pres (Epi + 1)?

Answer 1

Obstructed outflow (eg Canal of Schlemm).

PRES: African-American
silent / painless

Question 2

Closed/Narrow Angle Glaucoma

Mech (3 steps), Pres (3)?

Answer 2

MECH:
Iris forced against trabecular meshwork ->
Iris + Lens stick together and flow b/w them obstructed ->
Pressure builds up behind Iris.

PRES: ** Very painful. Opth emergency. DON’T give Epinephrine. **

• Rock-hard eye
• ↓vision
• Frontal headache

Question 3

Cataract

Def’n, RF (6 categories)?

Answer 3

BILATERAL painless opacification of lens ->↓vision.

RF:

• Age
• Classic ‘abusers’: Sun + Smoking + Alcohol
• Defective Galactose metab (Galactosemia + Galactokinase def)
• Diabetes (sorbitol)
• Infection (eg Rubella)
• Trauma

Question 4

Infantile Cataracts

Causes (2), Pres (2 CLUES), Labs / Urine?

Answer 4

CAUSES:

• Galactokinase def
• Classic Galactosemia

PRES:

• Failure to “track objects”
• Failure to develop a “social smile”

LABS = Galactose in bl / urine

Question 5

Retinitis

Def’n, Cause, Assoc, Seen In (2), Pres, Finding?

Answer 5

Retinal edema and necrosis -> SCAR.

Often viral (CMV, HSV, HZV).

ASSOC with Immunosuppression.

Question 6

Conjunctivitis

Causative Bugs (4)?

Answer 6

SEEN IN:

• Chlamydia
• Adenovirus
• HSV-1 (Keratoconjunctivitis)
• Measles

Question 7

Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Def’n, 2 Subtypes?

Answer 7

Degeneration of macula -> Metamorphosia (distortion)
-> Scotomas (loss of central vision).

• • Dry / Nonexudative
  • Wet / Exudative

Question 8

Dry Macular Degeneration

Def’n, Pres, Prevention (2)?

Answer 8

Deposition of yellowish extracellular material in and beneath
Bruch membrane + Retinal pigment epithelium.

PRES = GRADUAL ↓ in vision.

PREVENTION:

• Antioxidants
• Multivitamins

Question 9

Wet Macular Degeneration

Mech, Pres, Rx (2)?

Answer 9

MECH: Choroidal neovascularization -> Bleeding.

PRES = RAPID ↓in vision.

RX:

• Anti-VEGF injections
• Laser

Question 10

Retinal Artery Occlusion

Anat, Mech / Cause, Pres (3)?

Answer 10

Internal Carotid art -> Opthalmic art -> Retinal art
(path of embolus).

MECH = Thromboembolic comp of Atherosclerosis.

PRES: UNIocular. Acute (~ 1 hr) + Painless.