Eyes Flashcards
1
Q
Conjunctiva
A
Thin, transparent mucous membrane
Protects the eye from foreign bodies and becoming dry
2
Q
Palpebral conjunctiva
A
lines the eyelids
3
Q
Bulbar conjunctiva
A
Bulbar conjunctiva
4
Q
Palpebral Fissure
A
Space between the upper and lower eye lids
5
Q
Lacrimal apparatus
A
Produces tears that moisten the eye
6
Q
Extraocular muscles
A
Four rectus muscles/two oblique muscles
7
Q
Sclera
A
Outer part-Outer fibrous layer of posterior eye
Supports internal eye structures
8
Q
Cornea
A
Transparent, avascular layer of the anterior eye
Permits light transmission into eye
9
Q
Choroid
A
Vascular layer of posterior eye
Nourishes retina
10
Q
Ciliary Body
A
Anterior extension of choroid
Produces aqueous humor
11
Q
Lens
A
Transparent
Held in place by ligaments from ciliary body
Changes in lens thickness allow images from varied distances to be focused on the retina
12
Q
Iris
A
Composed of smooth muscle - pigmented
Relaxes and contracts to control amount of light entering through pupil
13
Q
Pupil
A
Opening in center of iris
Dilates and constricts
Reacts to light and closeness of objects
14
Q
Vitreouis Humor
A
Clear, gelatinous material
Helps maintain shape of eyeball
15
Q
Anterior Chamber
A
Space anterior to iris
Contains aqueous humor
16
Q
Posterior Chamber
A
Space immediately posterior to the iris
Contains vitreous humor
17
Q
Retina
A
Innermost layer of eye
Extension of the optic nerve
Transforms light impulses into electrical impulses that are sent to the cerebral cortex
18
Q
Optic disc
A
Round or oval area on nasal side of retina
Where nerve fibers form optic nerve
19
Q
Physiological cup
A
central area of optic disc
20
Q
Macula
A
Dark area on temporal area of retina
Contains a high concentration of cones
21
Q
Fovea Centralis
A
point of greatest acuity. Center of macula
22
Q
Cones
A
Receptors for color vision, reading ability, fine discrimination
23
Q
Rods
A
Receptors for dark and light discrimination, peripheral vision
Located on retina in areas other than macula
24
Q
Presbyopia
A
Middle aged- Age-related far-farsightedness. Lens loses its ability to change shape
Corrected with bifocal lenses
25
Retinopathy
Middle aged- Degeneration of the retina
| Can result from diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis
26
Cataract
Older adult- Clouding of the lens
| Prevents light rays from entering `the eye
27
Glaucoma
Older adult- Increased pressure in the eye due to accumulation of aqueous humor
Can damage the optic nerve
28
Macular Degeneration
Older adult- Non-painful degeneration of the cells in the macula
Destroys sharp, central vision
29
Entropion
Older adult- Eyelid turns inward
| Eyelashes rub on eye surface
30
Ectropion
Older adult- Eyelid turns outward
| Conjunctiva is exposed
31
Common Chief Complaints
```
Changes in visual acuity
Pain
Drainage
Itching
Dryness
```
32
Eyes provide info on...
```
Nutrition
Endocrine function
Cardiovascular function
Gastrointestinal function
Neurological function
```
33
Right Eye
OD
34
Left eye
OS
35
Both eyes
OU
36
Test for Distance vision
Snellen chart. Tests CN II (optic)
37
Snellen Chart
Each eye tested separately from 20 ft. No glasses
Normal Findings: 20/20, Abnormal findings: myopia
Example: 20/50= the patient reads at 20 feet what a person with 20/20 vision can read at 70 feet
38
Test for Near Vison
Rosenbaum Card
| Tests CN II (optic)
39
Rosenbaum Card
Reading should be possible with card/material held
| at 14 inches.
40
Rosenbaum Card Findings
Normal: Patient can read vision card 14 inches from face
Abnormal: Presbyopia, Hyperopia
41
Normal Eye
Lights focus on retina
42
Farsightedness (Hyperopia)
Light rays focus behind/past retina
43
Nearsightedness (Myopia)
Light rays focus in front of the retina
44
Color Vision
Color vision defect is red/green, blue/yellow, or complete (see only shades of gray)
45
Confrontation Technique Test For...
Tests for peripheral vision. Each eye tested individually
46
Confrontation Technique Angles
Peripheral vision= 90 degrees temporal, 70 degrees inferior, 60 degrees nasal, 50 degrees superior
47
Confrontation Technique Findings
Normal findings: Able to see in all visual fields, full peripheral vision
Abnormal findings: Hemianopsia,Circumferential blindness, Unilateral blindness
48
Eyebrows
Size, extension, and hair texture
49
Eyelashes
Distribution
50
Orbital area
Edema, puffiness, sagging tissue below orbit
51
Eyelids
Note color, symmetry, position, movement, lesions
52
Eyelid Abnormal Findings
```
Fasciculations(Twitch) and tremors
Lid margins not at limbus
Asymmetry of palpebral fissures
Inability to close completely/open widely
Flakiness at lid margins, redness, swelling
Ptosis (lazy eye)
Exophthalmos
Entropion/ Ectropion
```
53
Abnormal Eyelid Lesions/Infalmmation
Hordeolum (stye)
Chalzion (Cyst on eye lid)
Blepharitis (inflammation of eyelid)
Xanthelasma (yellow spot of fat under skin)
54
Lacrimal apparatus inspection
Inspect lacrimal gland area for redness, swelling
55
Abnormal Lacrimal apparatus
Dacryoadenitis
| Dacryocystitis
56
Palpate lacrimal sac
Press finger near inner canthus, Note any discharge from puncta
Normal findings: No discharge from puncta
57
Tests CN III, CN IV, CN VI (oculomotor,trochlear, abducens)Corneal light reflex (Hirschberg test)
Corneal light reflex (Hirschberg test), Cover/Uncover Test, Cardinal fields of gaze, and Convergence Test
58
Corneal light reflex (Hirschberg test)
Tests extraocular muscle balance
Patient to look straight ahead, shine light on to cornea from distance of 12-15 inches
Should reflect symmetrically from each cornea
59
Corneal light reflex Abnormal Findings
Strabismus (cross eyed)
Esotropia (turned inward)
Exotropia (turned outward)
60
Cover/Uncover Test
Tests extraocular muscle balance
Patient looks straight, focus on distant object.Cover one eye, observe for movement in uncovered eye. Remove occluder and observe for movement in covered eye.
Repeat on opposite eye
61
Cover/Uncover Test Findings
Normal Findings: no movement of either eye
| Abnormal Findings: Phoria (misalignment), Esophoria (inward drift), Exophoria (outward drift)
62
Cardinal fields of gaze
Have patient follow a finger/object with the eyes no movement of head
Observe as patient moves eyes in the six fields of gaze
63
Six Fields of Gaze
Left lateral, left lateral inferior, right lateral inferior, right lateral, right lateral superior, left lateral superior
64
Cardinal Fields of Gaze Observations
Observe for nystagmus in the lateral positions
Note lid lag
Note exposure of sclera above iris
65
Convergence Test
Move finger/object in toward nose at midline
| Eyes should converge smoothly, symmetrically
66
Cardinal fields of gaze Findings
Abnormal findings: Asymmetrical eye movement, Inability to move eyes in a given direction, Persistent nystagmus
Normal: Eyes should move smoothly, symmetrically
67
Inspect Conjunctiva
Inspect lower portion by pulling down lower lid
68
Normal findings of Conjunctiva
Bulbar conjunctiva: transparent, small blood vessels; no swelling, exudates, or foreign bodies
Palpebral conjunctiva: pink and moist; no swelling, lesions, exudates, or foreign bodies
69
Conjuncativa Abnormal Findings
Exudates, discharge
Pterygium
Subconjunctivalhemorrhage
Swelling
70
Inspect Sclera
color, exudate, and lesions
71
Sclera findings
Normal findings: White, without exudate, lesions, or foreign bodies
Abnormal findings: Discoloration, yellow (jaundice) or blue (osteogenesis imperfecta)
72
Inspect Cornea
shine light anteriorly and laterally across cornea
| Observe for contour, clarity, lesions, scarring
73
Cornea Normal Findings
Surface is moist and shiny
| No discharge, cloudiness, opacity, or irregularities
74
Cornea Abnormal Findings
Ulceration, Arcus senilis (abnormal if in young person), Laceration, Scar, Cloudy (may indicate glaucoma)
75
Inspect Iris
for color, shape, vascularity
76
Iris Normal Findings
Round, Evenly colored, Without vascularity
77
Iris Abnormal Findings
Pigmented area, Absent wedge of iris (keyhole)
78
Inspect Pupil
size, shape, and direct light reflex: Move light from side to front of eye= Observe pupillary reaction, size and speed of response
Repeat in other eye
79
Test for consensual light reflex
Shine light in front of one eye
Observe the opposite pupil for constriction
Repeat in other eye
80
Accommodation Test
Instruct patient to look at a distant object for 30 seconds, Instruct patient to look at your finger/penlight held 4-5 inches in front of patient. Note reaction and size of pupils
Pupil should constrict and converge to focus on an object at close range
81
Normal Pupil Findings
Round, Equal diameter (measure), Constrict briskly
82
Abnormal Pupil findings
```
Pupils uneven (anisocoria may be normal)
Do not respond to light and accommodationIrregular shape
Abnormal size (Miotic 2mm dilated/ Mydriatic 6mm dilated)
```
83
Inspect Lens
transparency/clarity
| Abnormal findings: Opacity of lens (may indicate cataract)
84
Red Reflex
scope light reflecting off the retina
85
Optic Disc Inspection
Toward nasal side of retina
| Color, size, shape, margins
86
Physiologic Cup Inspection
Yellow area at center of optic disc 1/3 the size of the disc
| Color, size
87
Retina Inspection
Color, Lesions, Hemorrhages
88
Arteries
smaller than veins with light reflex
| Size, color, crossings
89
Veins
Size, color, crossings
90
Macula Inspection
Temporal side, color/shape
91
Confrontation Test Process
Process: Stand 2-3 feet in front of patient, cover one eye and look straight ahead, move object/finger into each visual field, Patient identifies when the object can be seen
92
Dacryoadenitis
inflammation of lacrimal gland
93
Dacryocystitis
obstruction of lacrimal duct
