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Health Assessment Exam #2 > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin, transparent mucous membrane

Protects the eye from foreign bodies and becoming dry

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2
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

lines the eyelids

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3
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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4
Q

Palpebral Fissure

A

Space between the upper and lower eye lids

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5
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Produces tears that moisten the eye

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6
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

Four rectus muscles/two oblique muscles

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7
Q

Sclera

A

Outer part-Outer fibrous layer of posterior eye

Supports internal eye structures

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8
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent, avascular layer of the anterior eye

Permits light transmission into eye

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9
Q

Choroid

A

Vascular layer of posterior eye

Nourishes retina

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10
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Anterior extension of choroid

Produces aqueous humor

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11
Q

Lens

A

Transparent
Held in place by ligaments from ciliary body
Changes in lens thickness allow images from varied distances to be focused on the retina

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12
Q

Iris

A

Composed of smooth muscle - pigmented

Relaxes and contracts to control amount of light entering through pupil

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13
Q

Pupil

A

Opening in center of iris
Dilates and constricts
Reacts to light and closeness of objects

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14
Q

Vitreouis Humor

A

Clear, gelatinous material

Helps maintain shape of eyeball

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15
Q

Anterior Chamber

A

Space anterior to iris

Contains aqueous humor

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16
Q

Posterior Chamber

A

Space immediately posterior to the iris

Contains vitreous humor

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17
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer of eye
Extension of the optic nerve
Transforms light impulses into electrical impulses that are sent to the cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Optic disc

A

Round or oval area on nasal side of retina

Where nerve fibers form optic nerve

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19
Q

Physiological cup

A

central area of optic disc

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20
Q

Macula

A

Dark area on temporal area of retina

Contains a high concentration of cones

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21
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

point of greatest acuity. Center of macula

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22
Q

Cones

A

Receptors for color vision, reading ability, fine discrimination

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23
Q

Rods

A

Receptors for dark and light discrimination, peripheral vision
Located on retina in areas other than macula

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24
Q

Presbyopia

A

Middle aged- Age-related far-farsightedness. Lens loses its ability to change shape
Corrected with bifocal lenses

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25
Q

Retinopathy

A

Middle aged- Degeneration of the retina

Can result from diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis

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26
Q

Cataract

A

Older adult- Clouding of the lens

Prevents light rays from entering `the eye

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27
Q

Glaucoma

A

Older adult- Increased pressure in the eye due to accumulation of aqueous humor
Can damage the optic nerve

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28
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Older adult- Non-painful degeneration of the cells in the macula
Destroys sharp, central vision

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29
Q

Entropion

A

Older adult- Eyelid turns inward

Eyelashes rub on eye surface

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30
Q

Ectropion

A

Older adult- Eyelid turns outward

Conjunctiva is exposed

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31
Q

Common Chief Complaints

A 
Changes in visual acuity
Pain
Drainage
Itching
Dryness
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32
Q

Eyes provide info on…

A 
Nutrition
Endocrine function
Cardiovascular function
Gastrointestinal function
Neurological function
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33
Q

Right Eye

A

OD

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34
Q

Left eye

A

OS

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35
Q

Both eyes

A

OU

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36
Q

Test for Distance vision

A

Snellen chart. Tests CN II (optic)

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37
Q

Snellen Chart

A

Each eye tested separately from 20 ft. No glasses
Normal Findings: 20/20, Abnormal findings: myopia
Example: 20/50= the patient reads at 20 feet what a person with 20/20 vision can read at 70 feet

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38
Q

Test for Near Vison

A

Rosenbaum Card

Tests CN II (optic)

39
Q

Rosenbaum Card

A

Reading should be possible with card/material held

at 14 inches.

40
Q

Rosenbaum Card Findings

A

Normal: Patient can read vision card 14 inches from face
Abnormal: Presbyopia, Hyperopia

41
Q

Normal Eye

A

Lights focus on retina

42
Q

Farsightedness (Hyperopia)

A

Light rays focus behind/past retina

43
Q

Nearsightedness (Myopia)

A

Light rays focus in front of the retina

44
Q

Color Vision

A

Color vision defect is red/green, blue/yellow, or complete (see only shades of gray)

45
Q

Confrontation Technique Test For…

A

Tests for peripheral vision. Each eye tested individually

46
Q

Confrontation Technique Angles

A

Peripheral vision= 90 degrees temporal, 70 degrees inferior, 60 degrees nasal, 50 degrees superior

47
Q

Confrontation Technique Findings

A

Normal findings: Able to see in all visual fields, full peripheral vision
Abnormal findings: Hemianopsia,Circumferential blindness, Unilateral blindness

48
Q

Eyebrows

A

Size, extension, and hair texture

49
Q

Eyelashes

A

Distribution

50
Q

Orbital area

A

Edema, puffiness, sagging tissue below orbit

51
Q

Eyelids

A

Note color, symmetry, position, movement, lesions

52
Q

Eyelid Abnormal Findings

A 
Fasciculations(Twitch) and tremors
Lid margins not at limbus
Asymmetry of palpebral fissures
Inability to close completely/open widely
Flakiness at lid margins, redness, swelling
Ptosis (lazy eye)
Exophthalmos
Entropion/ Ectropion
53
Q

Abnormal Eyelid Lesions/Infalmmation

A

Hordeolum (stye)
Chalzion (Cyst on eye lid)
Blepharitis (inflammation of eyelid)
Xanthelasma (yellow spot of fat under skin)

54
Q

Lacrimal apparatus inspection

A

Inspect lacrimal gland area for redness, swelling

55
Q

Abnormal Lacrimal apparatus

A

Dacryoadenitis

Dacryocystitis

56
Q

Palpate lacrimal sac

A

Press finger near inner canthus, Note any discharge from puncta
Normal findings: No discharge from puncta

57
Q

Tests CN III, CN IV, CN VI (oculomotor,trochlear, abducens)Corneal light reflex (Hirschberg test)

A

Corneal light reflex (Hirschberg test), Cover/Uncover Test, Cardinal fields of gaze, and Convergence Test

58
Q

Corneal light reflex (Hirschberg test)

A

Tests extraocular muscle balance
Patient to look straight ahead, shine light on to cornea from distance of 12-15 inches
Should reflect symmetrically from each cornea

59
Q

Corneal light reflex Abnormal Findings

A

Strabismus (cross eyed)
Esotropia (turned inward)
Exotropia (turned outward)

60
Q

Cover/Uncover Test

A

Tests extraocular muscle balance
Patient looks straight, focus on distant object.Cover one eye, observe for movement in uncovered eye. Remove occluder and observe for movement in covered eye.
Repeat on opposite eye

61
Q

Cover/Uncover Test Findings

A

Normal Findings: no movement of either eye

Abnormal Findings: Phoria (misalignment), Esophoria (inward drift), Exophoria (outward drift)

62
Q

Cardinal fields of gaze

A

Have patient follow a finger/object with the eyes no movement of head
Observe as patient moves eyes in the six fields of gaze

63
Q

Six Fields of Gaze

A

Left lateral, left lateral inferior, right lateral inferior, right lateral, right lateral superior, left lateral superior

64
Q

Cardinal Fields of Gaze Observations

A

Observe for nystagmus in the lateral positions
Note lid lag
Note exposure of sclera above iris

65
Q

Convergence Test

A

Move finger/object in toward nose at midline

Eyes should converge smoothly, symmetrically

66
Q

Cardinal fields of gaze Findings

A

Abnormal findings: Asymmetrical eye movement, Inability to move eyes in a given direction, Persistent nystagmus
Normal: Eyes should move smoothly, symmetrically

67
Q

Inspect Conjunctiva

A

Inspect lower portion by pulling down lower lid

68
Q

Normal findings of Conjunctiva

A

Bulbar conjunctiva: transparent, small blood vessels; no swelling, exudates, or foreign bodies
Palpebral conjunctiva: pink and moist; no swelling, lesions, exudates, or foreign bodies

69
Q

Conjuncativa Abnormal Findings

A

Exudates, discharge
Pterygium
Subconjunctivalhemorrhage
Swelling

70
Q

Inspect Sclera

A

color, exudate, and lesions

71
Q

Sclera findings

A

Normal findings: White, without exudate, lesions, or foreign bodies
Abnormal findings: Discoloration, yellow (jaundice) or blue (osteogenesis imperfecta)

72
Q

Inspect Cornea

A

shine light anteriorly and laterally across cornea

Observe for contour, clarity, lesions, scarring

73
Q

Cornea Normal Findings

A

Surface is moist and shiny

No discharge, cloudiness, opacity, or irregularities

74
Q

Cornea Abnormal Findings

A

Ulceration, Arcus senilis (abnormal if in young person), Laceration, Scar, Cloudy (may indicate glaucoma)

75
Q

Inspect Iris

A

for color, shape, vascularity

76
Q

Iris Normal Findings

A

Round, Evenly colored, Without vascularity

77
Q

Iris Abnormal Findings

A

Pigmented area, Absent wedge of iris (keyhole)

78
Q

Inspect Pupil

A

size, shape, and direct light reflex: Move light from side to front of eye= Observe pupillary reaction, size and speed of response
Repeat in other eye

79
Q

Test for consensual light reflex

A

Shine light in front of one eye
Observe the opposite pupil for constriction
Repeat in other eye

80
Q

Accommodation Test

A

Instruct patient to look at a distant object for 30 seconds, Instruct patient to look at your finger/penlight held 4-5 inches in front of patient. Note reaction and size of pupils
Pupil should constrict and converge to focus on an object at close range

81
Q

Normal Pupil Findings

A

Round, Equal diameter (measure), Constrict briskly

82
Q

Abnormal Pupil findings

A 
Pupils uneven (anisocoria may be normal)
Do not respond to light and accommodationIrregular shape
 Abnormal size (Miotic 2mm dilated/ Mydriatic 6mm dilated)
83
Q

Inspect Lens

A

transparency/clarity

Abnormal findings: Opacity of lens (may indicate cataract)

84
Q

Red Reflex

A

scope light reflecting off the retina

85
Q

Optic Disc Inspection

A

Toward nasal side of retina

Color, size, shape, margins

86
Q

Physiologic Cup Inspection

A

Yellow area at center of optic disc 1/3 the size of the disc

Color, size

87
Q

Retina Inspection

A

Color, Lesions, Hemorrhages

88
Q

Arteries

A

smaller than veins with light reflex

Size, color, crossings

89
Q

Veins

A

Size, color, crossings

90
Q

Macula Inspection

A

Temporal side, color/shape

91
Q

Confrontation Test Process

A

Process: Stand 2-3 feet in front of patient, cover one eye and look straight ahead, move object/finger into each visual field, Patient identifies when the object can be seen

92
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

inflammation of lacrimal gland

93
Q

Dacryocystitis

A

obstruction of lacrimal duct

Health Assessment Exam #2 (4 decks)

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