Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VMCVM Ophthalmology > Eyelids > Flashcards

Eyelids Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles and ligaments of the eye

A
  1. Orbicularis oculi - CN7 - closes eye
  2. Levator palpebrae - CN3 - raises eyelid
  3. Müller’s Muscle - raises the upper lid, Horner’s if non-functional
  4. Retractor anguli oculi - retracts the lateral canthus temporally, entropion if malformed
  5. Medial canthal ligament - retracts medial canthus medially, medial entropion in brachycephalic breeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Do cats have eyelashes?

A

No, no true eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do dogs have eyelashes?

A

Yes, upper lid only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do food animals and horses have eyelashes?

A

Yes both upper and lower, yet lower are usually less developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the glands that surround the base of eyelashes/cilia?

A

glands of Zeis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tarsal or Meibomian glands

A

Produce OILY secretion of tear film
approximately 40 in dogs and cats and more in large animals
Perpendicular to lid margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Orbital septum/tarsal plate

A

not developed in domestic animals. is what allows humans to “flip” their lids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

have goblet cells that produce mucus layer of tear film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dazzle response

A

afferent pathway via CN II, efferent response via CN VII and CN VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Menace response

A

afferent is via CN II, efferent is via CN VII and CN VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Palpebral reflex

A

afferent is via CN V (ophthalmic or maxillary branch) and efferent is via CN VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Corneal reflex

A

afferent via CN V (ophthalmic branch), efferent via CN VII and CN VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does oxygen in the pre-corneal tear film come from?

A

capillaries in the palpebral conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is eyelid agenesis?

A

a.k.a eyelid coloboma

uncommon, seen in the cat if you do. Lateral upper eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Eyelid ageneis clinical signs:

A

mucoid to mucopurulent ocular discharge, attempts at squinting (lower lid raised), apparent pain and discomfort, third eyelid protrusion, neovascularization and pigmentation of the cornea due to exposure and probably more importantly, frictional irritation from hairs (trichiasis) rubbing on the corneal surface, and vision loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eyelid agenesis treatment:

A

No single surgery will fix the eyelid. Must treat for tear film no matter what. Cryo can fix mild cases to remove trichiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Eyelid and corneal dermoids?

A

most commonly seen Laterally
awkard growing epithelial tissue, like a hair spot
remove if interfere with blinking or closing eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is distichiasis?

A

Abnormal hairs that originate from the meibomian glands

Normally seen in Dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Breeds predisposed to distichiasis?

A

Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, Shih Tzus, Shelties, Huskies, Bulldogs, and Samoyeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Distichiasis clinical signs:

A

asymptomatic, or the distichia can cause frictional irritation to the corneal surface with signs of blepharospasm, epiphora, and/or corneal ulcers, pigmentary keratitis, and/or corneal neovascularization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Treatment of distichiasis

A

Removal of hair and destruction of the damn hair follicle by CRYOtherapy.
DO NOT PLUCK, they come back worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is trichiasis?

A

Hair from the face that touches the eye. Can be from several things: entropion, long hair, medial entropion (brachy breeds), nasal folds (brachy breeds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Trichiasis breeds:

A

small, furry brachycephalic breeds

24
Q

Treatment of trichiasis:

A

depends on the cause but good hygiene in nasal fold dogs, medial canthoplasty for medial entropion or nasal fold dogs

25
Q

What are ectopic cilia?

A

aberrant distichia, seen in Younger dogs, Pugs Bulldogs and Shitzus

26
Q

Ectopic cilia clinical signs:

A

PAINFUL and can cause recurrent ulceration, deteriorate and can perforate cornea

27
Q

Ectopic cilia treatment:

A

excision of offending cilia and cryo

28
Q

What is entropion?

A

inversion of the eyelids with secondary frictional irritation to the corneal and conjunctival surfaces
seen in DOGs, mostly brachycephalic breeds
occasionally in cats, horses, sheep and rarely cattle

29
Q

Who gets lower lid entropion?

A

sporting breed dogs

30
Q

Who gets upper lid entropion?

A

heavy browed: Bloodhounds, Sharpeis, Neapolitan mastiffs, and others

31
Q

Who gets lateral canthal entropion?

A

excessive skin on the face: Chows, Sharpeis, and dogs with macropalpebral fissures such as Mastiffs, Saint Bernards, Newfoundlands, etc.

32
Q

Who gets medial canthal entropion?

A

Brachycephalic breeds since medial canthal ligament is too tight

33
Q

Who gets spastic entropion?

A

all dogs predisposed to entropion. The entropion causes there eyes to spaz the fuck out

34
Q

Treatment of entropion:

A

First time, ointment or other medical means.
can Tack back the eyelid to stop the irritation cycle
Really bad –> Hotz-Celsus procedure rolls eyelid out
Excessive skin dogs may require upper and lower Hotz-Celsus and lateral canthal “arrowhead” technique

35
Q

What is ectropion?

A

lax eyelid allows for eversion of the eyelid, causing exposure of the conjunctiva and cornea with spillage of tear onto the facial hair/skin

36
Q

Breeds predisposed to ectropion?

A

Sad-faced dogs predisposition; can be due to transient fatigue; can be from CN7 paralysis; can be due to post-op scar tissue formation

37
Q

Treatment of ectropion:

A

Medical: frequent lubrication and cleaning
Surgical: shorten lower lid margin, shorten palpebral fissure, or more involved blepharoplastic procedures

38
Q

What is nasal fold keratoconjunctivitis?

A

seen in Brachy dogs: Pekingese, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, and Pugs
A too tight medial canthal ligament causes medial entropion and hairs rub the surface of the eye, irritating the shit out of it

39
Q

Treatment of nasal fold keratoconjunctivitis:

A

Medial canthoplasty super blood procedure, most owners don’t want removal of nasal folds

40
Q

What is lagophthalmos?

A

a.k.a. euryblepharon; common in brachy breeds: Boston Terriers, Pugs, Pekingese, and others
Sleep with their eyes OPEN!!! and problems ensue from there
may be 2˚ to CN7 (neuroparalytic keratitis) or CN5 (neurotropic keratitis) paralysis

41
Q

Clinical signs of lagophthalmos:

A

these dogs tend to sleep with their eyelids partially open. They may have chronic or intermittent conjunctivitis, the incidence of recurrent corneal ulcers in the axial portion of the cornea is great, these animals many times will have pigmentary keratitis, especially of the nasal and axial portions of the cornea, and these dogs are much more prone to developing deep, proteolytic enzyme “melting ulcers”.

42
Q

Treatment of lagophthalmos:

A

Medical: lube at night

43
Q

Major concern of eyelid laceration:

A

is the Globe okay? if exposed we worry about exposure keratitis — immediate surgical repair indicated

44
Q

Treatment of eyelid laceration:

A

do NOT remove eyelid; prevent self-trauma!
Surgical: MULTI-LAYERED closure:
Tarsal plate –> Muscular layer –> Skin last

45
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

inflammation of the eyelid

46
Q

Bacterial blepharitis

A

Staph – systemic Abx – prevent self trauma

47
Q

Mycotic blepharitis

A

Microsporum canis in dogs and cats; Malassezia in dogs; T. mentag in cattle and rarely in horses – remove underlying cause (dogs treat chronic tearing and epiphora) and clean up ear problems – Systemic antifungals or dilute betadine

48
Q

What are chalazia?

A

inflamed meibomian glands – staph or strep – Express the material, use moist, warm compress, topical and systemic antibiotics – cats get lipogranulomatous blepharitis, use surgery and cryo

49
Q

Parasitic blepharitis

A

Dog - Demodex
Cat - Sarcoptic mange, cuterebra
Horse - habronema
Remove cuterebra; treat demodex with Amitraz or oral ivermectin

50
Q

Allergic blepharitis

A

Neomycin and gentamicin in dogs; bee stings, vacc. reactions; atropine rarely; pollen or wood
Remove inciting allergy; Steroids can be used sytemic or topical

51
Q

Immune mediated diseases associated with mucocutaneous junctions

A
  1. Pemphigus vulgaris
  2. Systemic lupus erythematosis
  3. Discoid lupus
  4. “Puppy strangles”
    Treat by identifying the cause, systemic steroids or other immunosuppressants, plus supportive care
52
Q

most common Eyelid neoplasias of Dog

A

Dog - Meibomian Adenoma, then melanomas (eyelid usually benign but conjunctival BAD like oral) and uncommonly SCC

53
Q

most common Eyelid neoplasias of Cat

A

Feline - ALL CONSIDERED MALIGNANT; ocular SCC most common then fibrosarcomas and mast cell tumors; apocrine Hidrocytoma usually benign in cat

54
Q

most common Eyelid neoplasias of Horse

A

SCC ocular most common then sarcoid, melanomas uncommon,

55
Q

most common Eyelid neoplasias of Bovine

A

ocular SCC

56
Q

Eyelid neoplasia treatment

A

Type, location and equipment available all matter.
Meibomian adenomas respond well to surgical debulk and cryo
Ocular SCC debulk and cryo
Radio hypERthermia for SCC and sarcoid of horse
Large animals intralesional chemo with BCG, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil
CO2 lasers work
Radiation therapy can be used

VMCVM Ophthalmology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions