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Ocular anatomy > Eyebrow and eyelid > Flashcards

Eyebrow and eyelid Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the eyebrow

A

Eyebrow diverst sweat/ Prevent perspiration from driping into the eyes from the forehead

Forms part of the facial expression

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2
Q

Name the four muscles that controls facial expression

A

Orbital portion of orbicularis oculi

Occipito-frontalis muscle

Corrugator supercilii

Procerus

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3
Q

Where is the orbicularis oculi located

A

Directly underneath the skin, surrounding the orbital margin

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4
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oculi muslce

A

Closes the eyelid by voluntary control (orbital portion)

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5
Q

Where is the occipito-frontalis muscle located

A

Covers the skull, extending from the eyebrow to the back of the head

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6
Q

What is the action of the frontalis muscle

A

Draws back the scalp to raise the eyebrows, and wrinkles the forehead

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7
Q

What is the location of the corrugator supercilii

A

Beneath occipito frontalis, just above orbicularis oculi

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8
Q

What is the action of the corrugator supercilii

A

Draws the eyebrows downward and medially, producing vertical wrinkles in the forehead

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9
Q

What is location of the procerus

A

Pyramid shaped muscle at the nasl bones between the eyebrows

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10
Q

What is the action of the procerus

A

Pulls the eyebrows downward that assists in flaring the nostrils, producing horizontal frown in the forehead

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11
Q

What are the three synergistic actions of extreme upward gaze

A

Upward rotation of globe

Elevation of the upper eylids

Elevation of the eyebrows

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12
Q

Can the eyebrow be elevated voluntarily alone?

A

Yees

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13
Q

What is the nerve supply of the eyebrow

A

Motor innervator from facial nerve (CN VII)

Temporal branch
- Orbicularis oculi
- occipto-frontalis muscle
- corrugator supercilii

Upper bucal branch
- procerus

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14
Q

What is the blood supply to the eyebrow

A

Arteriral supply:
- supraorbital and supratrochlear branch of ophtlamic artery

Drainage:
- angular vein, enters the facial vein

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15
Q

Are eyebrows moved during the ordinary act of blinking

A

No

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16
Q

Where does the upper and lower eyelids meet

A

Inner canthus (medial) and outer canthus (lateral)

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17
Q

What are the structures located in the inner canthi

A

Lacus lacrimalis, where the eyelids are separeted by a small triangular space

In the center of lacus lacrimalis is th caruncle (a elevation, also known as caruncular lacrimalis)

Lateral to caruncle is the plica semilunaris (the fold of the conjuncitva)

Papilla, a small elevation 5mm from inner canthus

Punctum, located on the summit of the papilla (carries tears down the nose)

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18
Q

How long does it take for eyelashes to get replaced

A

100-150 days

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19
Q

What are the functions of the eyelashes

A

Protect the cornea

Screen and sense action

Reflex blinking
- each follicle is surrounded by a erve plexus with a very low threshold of excitation. Touching a cilium excites the nerve plexus of the folicle and produce a reflex blinking protecting the eye from the entrance of foreign particles anda against trauma

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20
Q

What are the six layers of the eyelid

A
  • Skin
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Striated and non striated muscle fibres
  • Orbital septum and tarsal plates
  • Submuscular areolar tissue
  • Conjunctiva
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21
Q

What is located in the skin layer of the eyelid

A

Epidermis has numerous melanocytes

Behind and between lash follicles are
- sweat glands
- Glands of Moll and Zeis (precent drying of lashes by producing lipids)

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22
Q

What is the skin continous with

A

Continous with the palpebral conjunctiva just in front of the poserior edge at the orifices of the tarsal glands

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23
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue / areolar connective tissue layer made of and what happens if damaged

A

Loose and rich in elastic fibres

A potential cavity that allows haemorrhage (black eyes) and lymph fluids (puffy eye) to accumulate

24
Q

What are the muscles present in the striated muscles layer of the eyelid

A

Orbicularis oculi (flat and elliptical muscle, consists of thin bundles of fibres and forms the bulk of the lids)

Ciliary portion of orbicularis oculi (muscle of Riolan)

Leveator palpebral superioris (LPS)

25
Q

What are the two portions of orbicularis oculi and what are the actions it carries out respectively

A

Orbital portion: voluntary closing of eyelids

Palpebral portion: voluntary and involunatry closing of eyelids

26
Q

Which nerve innervartes the orbicularis oculi muscle

A

Temprla and zygomatic barnches of facial nerve (CN VII)

27
Q

What is the action of the muscle of Riolan

A

Ensure good closure of the lids and keeps lid margins close to the eyeball

28
Q

What tissue is fused with the LPS and SR’s muscle sheath and why

A

The connective tissue of the conjunctival stroma

Ensures that the conjunctiva is moved as the globe or upper lid moves

29
Q

How does the LPS attach to the medial and lateral orbital walls

A

Tendon of the levator expands into wide flat sheet (aponeurosis) and attach its extremitites to the medial and lateral orbital wals via expansions to the palpebral ligments

Aponeurosis passes between the two parts of the lacrimal gland

30
Q

Which nerve innervates leveator palpebrae superioris

A

Superior division of oculomotor nerve (CN III)

31
Q

What is the action of the LPS

A

Voluntary elevation of the upper eyelid

32
Q

What is the muscle located in the non straited muscle layer of the eyelid

A

Superior muller’s muscles
- LPS inferior lamellae contains smooth muscle whihc forms the superior tarsal of Muller

33
Q

What is the action of the Superior Muller’s muscle

A

Involuntary control, helps to sustain the action of LPS, keeping the lids open when awake

34
Q

Give a breif description of the Meibomian glands

A

A gland that runs vertically in the tarsal plate from lid margin, orfices just in front of the posterior edge of the lid margin, marks the junction betweenm the skin and the conjunctiva

35
Q

Where does the submuscular areolar tissue

A

A thin layer that lies between the orbicularis and the tarsal plate

36
Q

What are the primary and secondary muscles in charge of eyelid opening

A

Primary muscle:
Leveator plapebrae superioris, superior and inferior Muller muscles

Secondary muscle:
Occipito- frontalis muscle

37
Q

What are the primary and secondary muscles in charge of eyelid closing

A

Primary muscle:
Orbicularis Oculi

Secondary muscle:
Corrugator supercilii, procerus

38
Q

What are the two types of blinking

A

Involuntary
- Spontanous blinking
- Reflex
- Blepharospasm
- Myokima

Voluntary blinking
- Monocular blinking
- Binocular blinking

39
Q

What is the definition of blinking

A

rapid closure of the eyelid

40
Q

What is the function of blinking

A

Assist in the distribution of tears over the anterior surface of the eye
- corneal wettability
- removal of particles and fumes from sensitive cornea

Helps with tear drainage at inner canthus

41
Q

When does spontaneous blinking take place

A

Occus at regular periodic intervales of unknown origin during the waking hours

42
Q

Describe in detial the process of spontaneous blinking

A

Lower lid remains stationary while the majority of the motion is being accomplished by the upper lid.
- Completed by a narrowing of the palpebral fissures in a zipper like action from the lateral canthus toward the medial canthus

43
Q

State the functions of spontaneous blinking

A

Distribute uniform layer of precorneal tear film
- due to evaporation and external contaminatnts, the tear film will be disrupted in 15-20 seconds on the eye. Therefore, a periodic system of renewal is necessary to insure continous stability of the tear film

Assisits in tear drainage

44
Q

What are the different types of reflex blinking

A
  • dazzle reflex: intiate by shining a bright light into the eye
  • menance reflex: intiated by the perception of sudden motion toward the eye
  • auditory: intiated by loud noises
  • tactile: intiated by touching of the cornea, conjunctiva or lashes
45
Q

What is blepharospasm

A

Protective rapid lid closure

Lid closure by aqueezing of the eyelids

46
Q

What causes belpharospasm

A

Generally caused by ocular pain

Stimulation of sensory nerve via reflex pathways connections ot the facial nerve results in contraction of orbicularis oculi

47
Q

What is myokimia and what is it related to

A

Fibrillary twitching of the eyelid muscles

May be related to refractive errors, fatigue, alchol, caffeine, thyrotoxicosis or mental tension

48
Q

What is binocular blinking

A

both the upper and lower lids move together to close the palpebral fissure

Upper lid movement is predominantly downward and somewhat nasal

Lower lid movement has a primary nasal direction due to strong attachment of he muscle at the medial palpebral ligament

49
Q

What is the function of binocular blinking

A

Blocks the light during sleep

Protects eye from injuries

Preventing precorneal tear film from evaporation

50
Q

What is monocular blinking

A

A voluntary wink is a forced closure of one eye

51
Q

Which muscles cause monocular blinking

A

Produced by simultaneous contraction of the palpebral and orbital protions of the orbicularis muscle

52
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the eyelid

A

Upper lid: Infratrochelar, supratrochlear, supraorbital and larimal nerves

Lower lid:
Infratrochlear, infraorbital nerve, terminal portion fo the maxiallry division of the trigeminal nerve

53
Q

What is the blood supply to the eyelid

A

Aterial supply from lateral and medial palpebral arteries, which arise from ophthalmic artery

54
Q

What nerve is innervates eyelid opening

A

Oculomotor (CN III)

55
Q

What nerve innervates eyelid closing

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Ocular anatomy (15 decks)

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