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Neuro - Week 6 > Eye & Retina > Flashcards

Eye & Retina Flashcards

1
Q

Eye tissue layer that consists of a tough, white tissue except for the anterior-most region, the cornea, which is transparent

A

Sclera

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2
Q

Eye tissue layer that is highly vascularized and includes the ciliary body (a muscle) and the iris

A

Choroid layer

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3
Q

Which layer of the eye includes the ciliary body and iris?

A

Choroid layer

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4
Q

Eye layer that includes the photoreceptors and pigmented epithelium

A

Retina

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5
Q

The function of this eye structure is coarse focus; not adjustable

A

Cornea

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6
Q

This is the space between the iris and cornea

A

Anterior chamber

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7
Q

The anterior chamber is the space between these two parts of the eye

A

Iris and cornea

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8
Q

The posterior chamber is the space between these two parts of the eye

A

Lens and iris

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9
Q

This is the space between the lens and iris

A

Posterior chamber

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10
Q

This supplies nutrients to the cornea and lens (fills the anterior and posterior chambers)

A

Aqueous humor

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11
Q

This is the site where aqueous humor is reabsorbed

A

Canal of Schlemm

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12
Q

This maintains eye shape; also removes blood and cellular debris from the eye

A

Vitreous humor

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13
Q

This controls the amount of light that enters the eye

A

Iris

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14
Q

This structure of the eye functions in fine focus; adjustable

A

Lens

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15
Q

This structure of the eye is the actual site of photoreception and transmission to the brain

A

Retina

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16
Q

This structure of the eye absorbs light, thereby increasing acuity; supplies nutrients to and removes debris from the retinal layer

A

Pigmented epithelium

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17
Q

Zonule fibers are arranged radially around this, holding it in palce

A

Lens

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18
Q

These are arranged radially around the lens, holding it in place

A

Zonule fibers

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19
Q

The shape of the lens is controlled by these two structures

A

Ciliary muscles and Zonule fibers

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20
Q

This structure secretes the aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body/muscle

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21
Q

Ciliary body/muscle secretes this

A

Aqueous humor

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22
Q

Contraction and relaxation of these muscles controls the shape of the lens
Contraction causes the lens to thicken while relaxation causes the lens to become thinner

A

Ciliary muscles

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23
Q

Does contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles cause the lens to thicken?

A

Contraction

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24
Q

Does contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles cause the lens to become thinner?

A

Relaxation

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25
Q

Does contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles reduce the tension of the zonule fibers?

A

Contraction
(allows the lens to thicken for near vision focusing)

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26
Q

What allows the lens to thicken for near vision focusing?

A

Contraction of the ciliary muscles = reduces tension of the zonule fibers

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27
Q

Is contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles necessary for far vision?

A

Relaxation = generates greater tension by the zonule fibers onto the lens, resulting in a thinner lens necessary for far vision

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28
Q

Clinical term for normal vision

A

Emmetropia

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29
Q

This refractive error is caused by the cornea being too curved or the eyeball being too long

A

Myopia

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30
Q

This refractive error is caused by the eyeball being too short

A

Hypermetropia / hyperopia

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31
Q

This refractive error occurs when either the lens or cornea do not have a uniform curvature, therefore the light rays do not all get focused onto the same point
Leads to blurring of vision

A

Astigmatism

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32
Q

This type of layer of the retina contains synaptic connections

A

Plexiform layers

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33
Q

These cells in the retina carry out phototransduction; no spikes

A

Photoreceptors (rods and cones)

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34
Q

Do bipolar cells have spikes (action potentials)?

A

No

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35
Q

Do photoreceptors have spikes (action potentials)?

A

No

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36
Q

These cells in the retina carry information to the brain (1st action potentials in the circuit)

A

Ganglion cells

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37
Q

These cells in the retina regulate and integrate input from multiple photoreceptor cells
Maintains sensitivity under different levels of ambient light

A

Horizontal cells

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38
Q

These cells in the retina have a mix of roles; contribute to the direction sensitivity of certain ganglion cells

A

Amacrine cells

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39
Q

In the dark, are photoreceptors hyperpolarized or depolarized?

A

Depolarized

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40
Q

Photoreceptors are depolarized in the dark, due to these channels being constantly open in the dark

A

cAMP-gated ion channels (conduct Na and Ca)

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41
Q

Are cAMP-gated ion channels of photoreceptors constantly open or closed in the dark?

A

Open

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42
Q

In phototransduction, activation of pigment molecules by light reduces cytoplasmic concentration of this

43
Q

What produces a graded hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor in light?

A

Activation of pigment molecules reduces cytoplasmic concentration of cGMP = closes cGMP gated ion channels

44
Q

In rods and cones, is the receptor potential a hyperpolarization or depolarization?

A

Hyperpolarization

45
Q

These cells release glutamate, which inhibits bipolar cells
So a decrease in glutamate release in the light allows the bipolar cell to depolarize

A

Photoreceptors

46
Q

Photoreceptors release this, which inhibits bipolar cells
A decrease in release in the light allows the bipolar cells to depolarize

47
Q

Does glutamate excite or inhibit bipolar cells?

48
Q

Does glutamate excite or inhibit ganglion cells?

49
Q

These cells in the retinal circuit do have action potentials so the level of synaptic transmission from these cells is proportional to the spike firing rate
Spikes travel along axons in the optic nerve to the brain

A

Ganglion cells

50
Q

Light converts this molecule to all-trans retinal

A

11-cis retinal

51
Q

Light converts 11-cis retinal to this

A

all-trans retinal

52
Q

Does photoisomerization involve the conversion of retinal to the cis or trans state?

A

11-cis isomer to all-trans state

53
Q

When transducin (G protein) is activated by retinal conformational change, is activates PDEs that hydrolyze this

A

cGMP
(convert to GMP)

54
Q

This regenerates photopigment molecules after light exposure

A

Retinal pigment epithelium

55
Q

This removes expended membranous disks (contain the photopigments) from the tip of the outer segment

A

Retinal pigment epithelium

56
Q

In a retinal detachment, there is separation of this from the rest of the retina

A

Pigmented epithelium

57
Q

Are rods or cones specialized for night vision?

58
Q

Are rods or cones specialized for day vision?

59
Q

Do rods or cones have a higher sensitivity to light?

60
Q

Do rods or cones have more photopigment?

61
Q

Do rods or cones have less photopigment?

62
Q

Do rods or cones have higher amplification, single photon detection?

63
Q

Do rods or cones have lower amplification?

64
Q

Do rods or cones have low temporal resolution, slow response, long integration time?

65
Q

Do rods or cones have high temporal resolution, fast response, short integration time?

66
Q

Do rods or cones have slow response?

67
Q

Do rods or cones have fast response?

68
Q

Are rods or cones more sensitive to scattered light?

69
Q

Are rods or cones more sensitive to direct axial rays?

70
Q

Is the rod or cone system for low acuity, not present in central fovea, highly convergent retinal pathways?

A

Rod system

71
Q

Is the rod or cone system for high acuity, concentrated in fovea, dispersed retinal pathways?

A

Cone system

72
Q

Is the rod or cone system achromatic (one type of pigment)?

73
Q

Is the rod or cone system chromatic with three types, each with a distinct pigment most sensitive to a different part of the visible light segment?

74
Q

Single photon can evoke electrical response in a rod or cone?

75
Q

Many rods have synapses on the same cell of this type

A

Bipolar cell
(Signals from rods are pooled in the bipolar cell and reinforce one another)

76
Q

Are there more cones or rods in the retina?

A

Rods
(Cones are outnumbers by rods 20 to 1)

77
Q

Do cones or rods tend to have a 1:1 connection to a bipolar cell?

78
Q

These are concentrated in the fovea, where the image is less distorted due to a thinning of the retinal layers

79
Q

Does the fovea region have rods or cones?

A

Cones only

80
Q

Inherited visual disorder characterized by a progressive loss in vision that is due to the degeneration of photoreceptors

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

81
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa is due to the degeneration of these

A

Photoreceptors

82
Q

Early symptoms of this condition are night blindness, reduction of visual field, thinning of retinal blood vessels and formation of clumps of pigment within the retina

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

83
Q

In Retinitis pigmentosa, are the cones or rods lost first?

A

Rods (night blindness is early symptom)

As the disease progresses, the cones are also lost, and the patient becomes completely blind

84
Q

Rods use this single photopigment

85
Q

What are the three photopigments of cones?

A

Short (S) = violet
Middle (M) = green
Long (L) = yellow

86
Q

This photopigment of cones is violet

87
Q

This photopigment of cones is green

A

Middle (M)

88
Q

This photopigment of cones is yellow

89
Q

Short (S) photopigments of cones are this color

90
Q

Middle (M) photopigments of cones are this color

91
Q

Long (L) photopigments of cones are this color

92
Q

Lack of one of the three cone pigments

93
Q

Dichromat is usually caused by a loss of function mutation of either of these pigment genes

A

Red or green

94
Q

This is a loss of the L pigment in cones

A

Protanopia

95
Q

This is a loss of the M pigment in cones

A

Deuteranopia

96
Q

This is a loss of the S pigment in cones

A

Tritanopia
(blue deficiency - very rare)

97
Q

Protanopia is a loss of this photopigment of cones

A

Long (L) = yellow

98
Q

Deuteranopia is a loss of this photopigment of cones

A

Middle (M) = green

99
Q

Tritanopia is a loss of this photopigment of cones

A

Short (S)
(blue deficiency - very rare)

100
Q

This is the most prevalant form of color blindness

101
Q

Is red-green color blindness more common in males or females?

A

Males
(seen in about 8% of the male population)

Due to genes encoding pigments being on X chromosome

102
Q

Protanopia and deuteranopia both result in this form of color blindness even though they are missing different color-sensitive pigments

103
Q

Is vision normal (just without different types of cones) in rod or cone monochromacy?

104
Q

Is there poor vision, light sensitivity, and nystagmus in rod or cone monochromacy?

A

Rod monochromacy
(due to absent or non-functioning cones)

Neuro - Week 6 (7 decks)

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