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Neuro - Week 6 > Eye Movements > Flashcards

Eye Movements Flashcards

1
Q

This extraocular muscle rotates the eye medially (intorsion) and contributes to depression

A

Superior oblique

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2
Q

This extraocular muscle rotates the eye laterally (extortion) and contributes to elevation

A

Inerior oblique

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3
Q

Is superior oblique muscle involved in intorsion or extortion of the eye?

A

Intorsion (towards nose)

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4
Q

Is inferior oblique muscle involved in intorsion or extortion of the eye?

A

Extortion (away from nose)

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5
Q

This nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle

A

CN IV

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6
Q

This nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle

A

CN VI

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7
Q

CN III innervates all extraocular muscles except these two

A

Superior oblique (CN IV)
Lateral rectus (CN VI)

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8
Q

This extraocular muscle acts in elevation and intorsion

A

Superior rectus

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9
Q

This extraocular muscle acts in depression and extorsion

A

Inferior rectus

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10
Q

This extraocular muscle acts in elevation and extorsion

A

Inferior oblique

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11
Q

This extraocular muscle acts in depression and intorsion

A

Superior oblique

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12
Q

Eye movement that is rapid; change the direction of visual fixation
Ballistic

A

Saccades

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13
Q

This is the type of eye movement that occurs during REM sleep

A

Saccades

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14
Q

Type of eye movement for slower tracking movements; used to keep fovea on target

A

Smooth pursuit

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15
Q

Is saccades eye movement voluntary or reflexive?

A

Can be either

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16
Q

Is smooth pursuit eye movement voluntary or reflexive?

A

Voluntary

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17
Q

Type of eye movement that align the fovea of each eye with targets located at different distances
Disconjugate movements

A

Vergence

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18
Q

Types of eye movements that move the eyes to stabilize gaze relative to the external world
Compensate for head movements
Prevent retinal slipping

A

Vestibulo-ocular and Optokinetic

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19
Q

Vestibulo-ocular (VOR) eye movement is based on sensory information from this

A

Semicircular canals

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20
Q

Optokinetic (OKN) eye movement is based on this

A

Large portions of the visual field moving

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21
Q

This type of eye movement is a physiologic or normal nystagmus

A

Optokinetic (OKN)

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22
Q

Saccades eye movements are controlled by local neuron circuits in these two gaze centers

A

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF or horizontal gaze center)
Rostral interstitial nucleus (RIN or vertical gaze center)

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23
Q

This is the horizontal gaze center

A

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)

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24
Q

This is the vertical gaze center

A

Rostral interstitial nucleus (RIN)

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25
Q

The rostral interstitial nucleus (RIN or vertical gaze center) is located in this structure

A

Midbrain
(next to the oculomotor nucleus)

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26
Q

The rostral interstitial nucleus (RIN or vertical gaze center) is located next to this cranial nerve nucleus

A

CN III

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27
Q

Is Paramedian nucleus an example of a nuclear or supranuclear pathway?

A

Supranuclear

(nuclear would be like abducens nucleus to lateral rectus muscle)

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28
Q

Is the Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) a nuclear, supranuclear, or infranuclear pathway?

A

Infranuclear
(connects the CN VI to the CN III nuclei)

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29
Q

Lesions of the neural circuitry underlying saccades and gaze result in this symptom

A

Dysconjugate gaze
(leading to diplopia)

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30
Q

What does the Red glass test determine?

A

Type of dipolopia
(after lesion to circuitry underlying saccades)

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31
Q

This is dysconjugate gaze at rest

A

Strabismus

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32
Q

This cranial nerve palsy can cause horizontal diplopia

A

CN VI
(from impaired abduction of affected eye)

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33
Q

This palsy is impaired abduction of right eye and impaired adduction of left eye, so that the gaze towards the side of the lesion is impaired

A

Right lateral gaze palsy

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34
Q

In Right lateral gaze palsy, is gaze preference ipsilateral or contralateral to the lesion?

A

Contralateral
(gaze towards the side of the lesion is impaired)

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35
Q

Right lateral gaze palsy can be caused by lesion to either of these 2 structures

A

CN VI nucleus
PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation - horizontal gaze center)

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36
Q

This is impaired adduction of the left eye (horizontal diplopia), and nystagmus in the right eye

A

Left internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)

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37
Q

Lesion to this causes Left internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)

A

Left MLF

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38
Q

What causes nystagmus in internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)?

A

Brain tries to compensate for adduction weakness by increasing innervation to the adducting eye
(Hernig’s law of equal innervation)

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39
Q

This would be a probable cause of internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) in older patients

A

Unilateral stroke

(MS would be suspected in younger patients)

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40
Q

One and a half syndrome is due to a unilateral lesion to this structure

A

Pons

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41
Q

One and a half syndrome involves a loss of both voluntary abduction and adduction on the side of the lesion (the “one”) and a loss of adduction or abduction on the contralateral side (the “one-half”)?

A

Loss of Adduction

42
Q

Does damage to CN III cause medial or lateral strabismus?

A

Lateral (lateral gaze preference at rest)

43
Q

Damage to this cranial nerve can cause mydriasis

44
Q

This type of diplopia occurs with CN III damage

A

Diagonal diplopia

45
Q

This type of diplopia occurs with CN IV damage

46
Q

CN IV nucleus lesion affects the ipsilesional or contralesional eye?

A

Contralateral

47
Q

CN IV nerve lesion affects the ipsilesional or contralesional eye?

A

Ipsilesional

48
Q

Damage to either of these 2 lobes can result in abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movements

A

Occipital and parietal

49
Q

Amount of binocular disparity is used by these regions to determine whether eyes should diverge or converge

A

Extrastriate

50
Q

Information about location of retinal activity is relayed through this to cortex, where information from the two eyes is integrated

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

51
Q

Lesions in this CN nucleus or the MLF in this structure will cause bilateral vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) deficits

A

MLF in the pons or CN VI nucleus

52
Q

Lesions in this CN nucleus or the MLF in this structure will cause ipsilesional vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) deficits

A

MLF in the midrain or CN III nucleus

53
Q

In lesions of the MLF in the pons or CN VI nucleus, direction of deficit is towards or away from the side of the lesion?

54
Q

In lesions of the MLF in the midbrain or CN III nucleus, direction of deficit is towards or away from the side of the lesion?

55
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the MLF in the pons or midbrain:
Bilateral VOR deficits

56
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the MLF in the pons or midbrain:
Direction of deficit towards the side of the lesion

57
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the MLF in the pons or midbrain:
Lesion will be on opposite side to the direction of head turn that revealed the VOR deficit

58
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the MLF in the pons or midbrain:
Loss of VOR in ipsilesional eye

59
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the MLF in the pons or midbrain:
Direction of deficit away from side of lesion

60
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the MLF in the pons or midbrain:
The lesion is on the same side as the direction of head movement that revealed the VOR deficit

61
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the CN III or CN VI nucleus:
Bilateral VOR deficits

62
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the CN III or CN VI nucleus:
Loss of VOR in ipsilesional eye

63
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the CN III or CN VI nucleus:
Direction of deficit towards the side of the lesion

64
Q

Does this describe the results of lesion of the CN III or CN VI nucleus:
Direction of deficit is away from the side of lesion

65
Q

For involuntary/reflexive saccades, PPRF receives input from this structure

A

Contralateral superior colliculus

66
Q

Lesions of this structure will result in deficits in involuntary saccades

A

Superior colliculus

67
Q

For voluntary saccades, gaze centers receive input from this

A

Contralateral frontal eye field (FEF)
(in frontal cortex)

68
Q

Lesions to this result in impairment of voluntary saccades into contralesional space

A

Frontal eye fields

69
Q

Do lesions of the frontal eye fields result in gaze preference towards or away from the side of the lesion?

A

Towards
(there is impairment of voluntary saccades into contralesional space)

70
Q

Right way eyes indicate a lesion at this level

71
Q

Wrong way eyes indicate a lesion at this level

72
Q

Does lesion at cortical level result in right way or wrong way eyes?

73
Q

Does lesion at brainstem level result in right way or wrong way eyes?

74
Q

In right way eyes, is gaze preference towards or away from the side of weakness?

75
Q

In wrong way eyes, is gaze preference towards or away from the side of weakness?

76
Q

In right way eyes, is gaze preference towards or away from the side of lesion?

77
Q

Is constriction or dilation of eye pupil controlled by sympathetics?

A

Dilation
(axons not in CN III - instead in ophthalmic nerve)

78
Q

Is constriction or dilation of eye pupil controlled by parasympathetics?

A

Constriction
(by CN III)

79
Q

Is constriction of the eyes controlled by sympathetics or parasympathetics?

A

Parasympathetics (CN III)

80
Q

Is dilation of the eyes controlled by sympathetics or parasympathetics?

A

Sympathetics (ophthalmic nerve)

81
Q

This muscle adjusts the thickness of the lenses during accommodation
Mediated by Ed-West nucleus of parasympathetic division, carried via CN III

A

Ciliary muscle

82
Q

Is the ciliary muscle controlled by sympathetics or parasympathetics?

A

Parasympathetics
(Ed-West nucleus of CN III)

83
Q

Are neurons from posterior hypothalamus involved in sympathetic or parasympathetic control of pupillary reflex?

A

Sympathetic

84
Q

Is the Ciliospinal center of budge involved in sympathetic or parasympathetic control of pupillary reflex?
(is in the spinal cord, segments C8-T2)

A

Sympathetic

85
Q

Do neurons synapse onto superior cervical ganglion in sympathetic or parasympathetic control of pupillary reflex?

A

Sympathetic

86
Q

Is the ophthalmic nerve involved in sympathetic or parasympathetic control of pupillary reflex?

A

Sympathetic

87
Q

This is a condition where the pupils can be different sizes
Produced by Edinger-Westhphal nucleus or CN III

A

Anisocoria

88
Q

Lesions to either of these can produce Anisocoria

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus or CN III

89
Q

Impaired consensual constriction of the ipsilesional pupil can be caused by lesion to this nerve

90
Q

Is Anisocoria a sympathetic or parasympathetic lesion of the pupillary reflex?

A

Parasympathetic

91
Q

Is Horner’s syndrome a sympathetic or parasympathetic lesion of the pupillary reflex?

A

Sympathetic

92
Q

In Horner’s syndrome, ptosis occurs due to loss of innervation to this

A

Smooth muscle in upper lid

93
Q

In Horner’s syndrome, miosis occurs due to loss of sympathetic innervation to this

A

Pupillary dilator muscle

94
Q

In Horner’s syndrome, Anhidrosis occurs due to loss of this

A

Sympathetic innervation

95
Q

Can identify pre vs. post superior cervical ganglion sympathetic lesions of pupil reflex (e.g. Horner’s syndrome) using these eye drops

A

Hydroxyamphetamine
(stimulate NE release)

Eye will dilate if lesion is preganglionic (but not if post)

96
Q

In using hydroxyamphetamine eye drops to assess a sympathetic lesion to the pupil reflex, will the eye dilate if the lesion is pre- or post-ganglionic?

97
Q

Bilateral lesions of this structure will cause both pupils to be small, but still reactive to light

98
Q

Accommodation occurs by this muscle

A

Lens ciliary muscle

99
Q

In accommodation, constriction is activated by visual cortex and related to this same structure used in light reflex

A

Pretectal nuclei
(parasympathetic/ciliary ganglion)

100
Q

The blink/corneal reflex is often accompanied by parasympathetic activation of this gland

A

Lacrimal gland (tear reflex)

Neuro - Week 6 (7 decks)

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