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Neuro - Week 6 > Ear and Auditory System > Flashcards

Ear and Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

The dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave

A

Pitch
(measured in Hz; normal range is 20-20,000 Hz)

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2
Q

The dimension of auditory experience related to the complexity of the pressure wave

A

Timbre

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3
Q

Pure tone describes a sound with only one ______

A

Frequency

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4
Q

Different musical instruments playing the same note (frequency) sound different due to this

A

Timbre

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5
Q

This is the intensity of a pressure wave (amplitude)

A

Loudness
(measured in dB)

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6
Q

The external ear consists of these two structures

A

Auricle + External acoustic meatus

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7
Q

This part of the ear is also called the Pinna

A

Auricle

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8
Q

The auricle of the ear is made of this

A

Elastic cartilage

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9
Q

The lobule of the ear is part of this

A

Auricle/pinna

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10
Q

This structure is considered the ear canal and is lined with wax glands

A

Acoustic meatus

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11
Q

The acoustic meatus is supported by the cartilage of the auricle and this

A

Temporal bone

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12
Q

The acoustic meatus is lined with these

A

Wax glands

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13
Q

This nerve provides sensory innervation for the skin over parotid gland, mastoid process, and surfaces of outer ear

A

Great auricular nerve

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14
Q

The Great auricular nerve originates from this

A

Cervical plexus
(branches of C2 and C3 spinal nerves)

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15
Q

The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of this

A

CN V3

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16
Q

The external acoustic meatus is innervated by CNs V and VII, as well as these two which can result in a gag reflex connected to the ear

A

CN IX and X

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17
Q

Cauliflower ear occurs due to this

A

Trauma
(causes auricular hematoma)

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18
Q

Cauliflower ear is an Auricular hematoma, in which a collection of blood forms between these

A

Perichondrium (connective tissue) and ear cartilage

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19
Q

This structure separates the external and middle ear compartments

A

Tympanic membrane

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20
Q

Umbo is the most convex part near center of this structure

A

Tympanic membrane

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21
Q

This is the most convex part of the Tympanic membrane, near the center

A

Umbo

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22
Q

“Cone of light” is reflected off this structure from otoscope illumination of healthy ear

A

Tympanic membrane

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23
Q

Perforation of the Tympanic membrane results in this

A

Deafness

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24
Q

The Tympanic membrane moves in response to this

A

Air vibrations

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25
Q

This congenital malformation is an absence or closure of ear canal

A

Microtia

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26
Q

This is the word for ear wax

A

Cerumen

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27
Q

Cerumen (ear wax) is produced only in this part of the ear canal

A

Lateral-most (cartilaginous) portion

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28
Q

These are the 3 ossicular chain bones in the middle ear

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

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29
Q

The footplate of this ossicle sits in oval window of the cochlea

A

Stapes

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30
Q

These compensate for the change in resistance between the air (low) and the liquid (high) media
Results in impedance matching

A

Ossicles

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31
Q

Is the middle ear filled with air or fluid?

A

Air

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32
Q

Is the cochlea filled with air or fluid?

A

Fluid

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33
Q

This ossicle rocks back and forth in the oval window causing waves in the fluid of the inner ear

A

Stapes

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34
Q

This structure equalizes pressure, and connects middle ear to nasopharynx

A

Eustachian tube

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35
Q

The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to this

A

Nasopharynx

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36
Q

Failure of this structure to open can cause hearing difficulties and/or pain as pressure builds in middle ear

A

Eustachian tube

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37
Q

Muscles in this part of the ear reduce sensitivity to one’s own voice

A

Middle ear

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38
Q

Paralysis of this structure, resulting from CN VII lesion, causes hyperacusis

A

Stapedius

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39
Q

This is the smallest skeletal muscle in the body

A

Stapedium

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40
Q

This group of bones are the smallest bones in the body

A

Ossicles

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41
Q

Otitis media is inflammation of this part of the ear

A

Middle ear

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42
Q

This is inflammation of the middle ear

A

Otitis media

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43
Q

This occurs when the eustachian tube is always open, and the eardrum moves with respiration
Person hears themselves breathing
“Bucket on the head”

A

Patulous eustachian tube

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44
Q

These are the two divisions of the inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth

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45
Q

This division of the inner ear is filled with perilymph and separated into the vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea

A

Bony labyrinth

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46
Q

The Bony labyrinth of the inner ear is filled with this

A

Perilymph

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47
Q

The Bony labyrinth of the inner ear is separated into these three structures

A

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea

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48
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with this

A

Endolymph

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49
Q

Is the bony or membranous labyrinth filled with perilymph?

50
Q

Is the bony or membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph?

A

Membranous

51
Q

This division of the inner ear is within the bony labyrinth

A

membranous labyrinth

52
Q

This division of the inner ear has six specialized receptor organs, including the Organ of Corti

A

membranous labyrinth

53
Q

The Organ of Corti is within this part of the ear

A

membranous labyrinth (of inner ear)

54
Q

This part of the cochlea contains the CN VIII nerve cell bodies

55
Q

The Modiolus of the cochlea contains cell bodies of this cranial nerve

56
Q

These are the three fluid filled chambers of the cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Scala media

57
Q

These two scalae of the cochlea contain perilymph

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani

58
Q

This scala of the cochlea contains endolymph

A

Scala media

59
Q

Do the scalae vestibuli and tympani of the cochlea contain endolymph or perilymph?

60
Q

Does the Scala media of the cochlea contain perilymph or endolymph?

61
Q

This structure separates the Scala vestibuli from Scala media of the cochlea

A

Reissner’s membrane

62
Q

Reissner’s membrane separates these two cochlear chambers

A

Scala vestibuli and Scala media

63
Q

This structure separates the Scala media from Scala tympani of the cochlea

A

Basilar membrane

64
Q

The Basilar membrane separates these two cochlear chambers

A

Scala media from Scala tympani

65
Q

This dividing membrane of the cochlea is under the Organ of Corti

A

Basilar membrane

66
Q

Basilar membrane of the cochlea is located under this

A

Organ of Corti

67
Q

This is the apex of the cochlea, where the Scala tympani and Scala vestibuli meet

A

Helicotrema

68
Q

The Helicotrema is where these two cochlear chambers meet

A

Scala tympani and Scala vestibuli

69
Q

This window bulges out as a result of fluid push by stapes/oval window

A

Round window

70
Q

This fluid of the inner ear is high in Na+ and low in K+

71
Q

This fluid of the inner ear is low in Na+ and high in K+

72
Q

This fluid of the inner ear is found in the Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani

73
Q

This fluid of the inner ear is found in the Scala media

74
Q

What is the level of Na+ in perilymph?

75
Q

What is the level of K+ in perilymph?

76
Q

What is the level of Na+ in endolymph?

77
Q

What is the level of K+ in endolymph?

78
Q

This structure of the inner ear contains 3-5 rows or outer hair cells, and a single row of inner hair cells
Supports cell and other structures

A

Organ of Corti

79
Q

The Organ of Corti is covered by this structure

A

Tectorial membrane

80
Q

Are inner or outer hair cells flask shaped?

81
Q

Are inner or outer hair cells test tube shaped?

82
Q

Do inner or outer hair cells have afferent innervation?

83
Q

Do inner or outer hair cells have predominantly efferent innervation?

84
Q

Do inner or outer hair cells have stereocilia embedded in tectorial membrane?

85
Q

Tinnitis is likely due to output from these cells

A

Outer hair cells

86
Q

These cells amplify and tune basilar membrane movement via a molecular motor within the cell

A

Outer hair cells

87
Q

The outer hair cells function to adjust amplification of sound by this structure

A

Basilar membrane

88
Q

Does upward or downward movement between hair cells and tectorial membrane resulting in depolarizing the hair cells?

89
Q

Does upward or downward movement between hair cells and tectorial membrane resulting in hyperpolarizing the hair cells?

90
Q

Stereocilia have this type of ion channel at the tip

91
Q

Are K+ channels open when stereocilia move toward or away from the kinocilium?

A

Toward
(= depolarizing)

92
Q

Are K+ channels closed when stereocilia move toward or away from the kinocilium?

A

Away from
(= hyperpolarizing)

93
Q

K+ channels are open where stereocilia move toward the kinocilium, resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization?

A

Depolarizing

94
Q

K+ channels are closed where stereocilia move away from the kinocilium, resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization?

A

Hyperpolarizing

95
Q

This part of the cochlea responds to high frequencies

96
Q

This part of the cochlea responds to low frequencies

97
Q

Does the base of the cochlea respond to low or high frequencies?

98
Q

Does the apex of the cochlea respond to low or high frequencies?

99
Q

This structure runs from the bony spinal lamina to spiral ligament
Contains the Organ of Corti
Tuning is due to its properties

A

Basilar membrane

100
Q

Sensitivity to this differs along the length of the cochlea

101
Q

Is the basilar membrane stiffer at the basal end or apical end?

102
Q

Frequency sensitivity differs along the length of the cochlea, due to this structure being stiffer at the basal end and more flexible at the apical end

A

Basilar membrane

103
Q

Although a sound wave travels the entire length of this structure, it vibrates more at certain positions based on the frequency of the sound

A

Basal membrane

104
Q

Higher frequency sounds have peak displacement towards this end of the cochlea

105
Q

Lower frequency sounds peak towards this end of the cochlea

106
Q

Cochlear implants are used when these cells are lost, but auditory nerve is still intact

A

Cochlear hair cells

107
Q

This part of a cochlear implant threads through the cochlea where it stimulates the auditory nerve endings in a tonotopic manner

108
Q

Can the array of a cochlear implant reproduce the frequency transduction properties of the hair cells?

A

No
(uses only the tonotopic organization of the cochlea)

109
Q

Bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion project a peripheral process to this

110
Q

Bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion project a central process to this

A

Cochlear nuclei in the medulla
(via CN VIII)

111
Q

Ascending projections from the cochlear pathways actually bifurcate in this structure to innervate targets on both the ipsilateral and contralateral side

112
Q

At the level of the pons, is the primary or secondary ascending auditory pathway on the contralateral side?

113
Q

At the level of the pons, is the primary or secondary ascending auditory pathway on the ipsilateral side?

114
Q

Central lesions of the central auditory pathways produce loss of hearing in which ear?

115
Q

This structure functions in sound localization via delay lines and inter-aural intensity differences

A

Superior olivary complex
(MSO uses delay lines, LSO and MNTB use inter-aural (loudness) differences)

116
Q

This auditory structure receives binaural input from the olivary nuclei and other nuclei and pathways
Form topographical auditory space map

A

Inferior colliculus

117
Q

This auditory structure receives input primarily from the inferior colliculus
Contains neurons sensitive to specific patterns of frequency and temporal differences

A

Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus

118
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus primarily receives input from this structure

A

Inferior colliculus

119
Q

Cross talk of auditory pathways occurs at this level of the brain

A

Primary auditory cortex

120
Q

Do cortical lesions of the auditory cortex usually lead to hearing loss?

A

No

rather listening deficits (language, learning, communication)
EXCEPT bilateral damage can lead to central deafness

Neuro - Week 6 (7 decks)

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